Critically evaluate the claim that Britain is now a classless society Essay

Fundamentally assess the case that Britain is currently a raunchy society - Essay Example The remarkable reasonable response to guarantee of Dr. Goebbels that England and remains the nation of two countries, would be an acknowledgment, that practically speaking there are three of them. In any case, highlight of English class differentiations isn't in their bad form, however in their erroneous date. They don't exactly accurately harmonize with the outskirts of financial qualifications. It is acknowledged to order a cutting edge society as indicated by three parameters: the high society that is bourgeoisie, white collar class, that is trivial bourgeoisie, and regular workers, that is low class (Abercrombie, 2001). Britain remains the one of last nations sticking outside types of feudalism. New titles are kept and are continually settled; the office of masters, fundamentally comprising of inherited friends, has genuine forces. Simultaneously in England there is no genuine privileged. Racial qualifications, on which the nobility is based, were eradicated as of now before the finish of the Middle Ages, and the notable medieval families for all intents and purposes have just vanished (Abercrombie, 2001). It is fascinating to take note of that the sharp line, not money related, yet social, runs within working class, isolating the individuals who tries to a common lifestyle, from the others. To standard estimates everybody among the industrialist and living for the week pay can be in a group positioned as frivolous bourgeoisie. That is the rancher, the dependable authority, the attorney, the cleric, the bank-laborer, the venturesome contractual worker and the angler are enrolled in a similar class. Anyone, who gives even least consideration to class differentiations, will put the official with the income in 1 000 pounds above on an open stepping stool, than shop-help with the income in 2 000 pounds. The comparative qualifications exist even among the high societies: It gives the idea that more respect is given to the titled individual, than to the untitled one, however more extravagant. Practically speaking the individuals of white collar class are

Philippine Economy Free Essays

string(760) such a lot of cash for promotions and business for them for instance Manny Villar, and by the manner in which I picked Manny Villar on the grounds that as I would see it, I think Manny Villar had the most advertisements and business in the decisions season like the acclaimed tune that was created and made for him just few knew the title we generally called it â€Å"Nakaligo ka na ba sa dagat ng basura† so back to the point, political race spending is essentially legislators putting they’re entire cash on the plugs and promotions which would equivalent to opening entryways for new openings like the representatives of the print machine getting progressively profitable, individuals will land positions for gluing they’re banners, chiefs, authors and makers gets increasingly beneficial and more individuals will be paid for ability fee. A recap of how past Philippine republics and organizations took care of the country’s economy since the Spanish time, including their administration of the economy. In the days wherein the Philippines was under the Spanish Republic the nation was at a decent spot in Asia. Manila and Cebu were the main European urban areas; we were probably the best nation in Asia with regards to exchanging locally and universally. We will compose a custom article test on Philippine Economy or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Previously, we were continually exchanging with mexico sharing our way of life to them and them sharing there culture to us. The nation was at a decent spot yet as the Americans said the Philippines resembled some other great yet moderate spanish colonized economy like the economies of nations in South America specifically Mexico, Puerto Rico, Argentina and so forth. As indicated by an article â€Å"Economy during the Spanish Colonial Period. † n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . In the wake of being controlled under the Spanish system which went on for a long time, the Philippines were in another republic under the American government. Our nation once turned into a piece of America. It was one of the American States simply like Hawaii at this moment, regardless of how far they will be, they despite everything have a place with the United States. Our country’s economy before was truly siphon preparing. It was ascending back again in light of the fact that Americans realized a great deal in controlling a country’s economy. They realized how to make individuals increasingly profitable in every one of their day by day lives, they knew the significance of the english language to us and they realized how to make this nation moving from a decent Latin nation to a clamoring occupied city. Americans showed Filipinos how to utilize the phone that’s why now, as should be obvious, we have PLDT, We were instructed how to communicate in english that’s why now, as should be obvious, we are currently Asia’s most serious english speakers. We were instructed how to utilize the TV, how to work the forced air system, how to work the clothes washer and so on. We were so Americanized before that in the entire Asia we were the primary Asians to taste coke and that’s why now, as should be obvious, coke has been a piece of the filipino custom like having coke and bread to your guests †a method of indicating Philippine Hospitality. Our nation had a great deal of ventures originating from America and they constructed a ton of spots that could’ve been a significant city if they somehow managed to remain here longer like Makati, Subic, Taft, Commonwealth and Clark. Without the Americans we wouldn’t have these at the present time. We ought to be appreciative to them since the Philippines is developing, more call habitats, townhouses, office spaces, retail , and business regions are growing in the spot. As per an article â€Å"The Philippines: Changes in the American Period . † n. page. Web. . While Philippines found a sense of contentment with the Americans there came the Japanese warriors. They controlled our nation like some other nation they controlled in different pieces of Asia like Malaysia Singapore, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Korea, they took numerous characteristic assets like gold, copper and numerous different metals that would help they’re nation †Japan to get rich and have a decent financial status. In the Japanese Era our nation †The Philippines, experienced on of the universes most noticeably terrible swellings. In that time everybody was battling, endeavoring to get a decent life and applying so much exertion just to get away from the poor circumstance. In the Japanese period, The Philippines got poor. As indicated by Balabag, Marilyn. â€Å"The Japanese Period in the Philippines. † n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . While the Japanese individuals were caught up with bothering Filipino ladies, Americans retaliated for us since they realized we had enough of it and we merit harmony. Astounding the Japanese, the Japanese men were getting ready on the off chance that the circumstance will get genuine like subtly arranging the assaults, furtively making and defining bombs, covertly fabricating air weapons and amphibian weapons also. The Americans began it so the two nations Japan and The United Stated of America started trading bombs all around pulverizing each other’s grounds and properties and murdering each other savagely. Lastly Japan announced stops. The Philippine economy was at the very least. We couldn’t snatch time to recoup our country’s economy, our valuable structures were being influenced with all the bombs and rockets that fighters tossed on causing a great deal of harm and cash to recuperate it. Japanese individuals even took billions from us and never at any point tried to pay they’re obligations as of not long ago and to finish it off they even took gold from us like the gigantic wonderful brilliant sculpture called â€Å"Yamashita† †¦What a shame†¦ and to think its perhaps the most extravagant nation in Asia to date. As per Jess Chin, Carlos Gavino. â€Å"The Philippines-American/Japanese War. † n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . In the wake of being under the Spanish, American, and Japanese republic, The Philippines at long last proclaimed freedom. Philippines at last stood up on its own two feet. Previous President, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s Administration, The Philippine Economy was slacking. A proof would be the GDP Growth where it developed for just a little 1%. On the off chance that you would contrast Philippines with other South-East Nations, The Philippines was behind among them. Indeed, even Vietnam pursued The Philippines and nearly Cambodia express gratitude toward God Cambodia has not had the option to pursue us yet in such a case that we’re pursued it just goes to show The Philippines is truly Sick and not financial specialist well disposed. We were somewhere around then in her organization. As indicated by Africa, Sonny. â€Å"Dark Legacies: The Economy under Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. † (2010): n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . In The Present organization of President Noynoy Aquino, The Philippines is indicating stunning outcomes for instance the GDP Growth. The 2010 GDP Growth in The Philippines early months were truly elevated from 6% to 7% and to 8%. We were truly in a decent spot. Reasons why the GDP developed that way was a direct result of political race spending and if you’re curious about political decision spending, it implies that government officials going through such a lot of cash for advertisements and business for them for instance Manny Villar, and by the manner in which I picked Manny Villar on the grounds that as I would see it, I think Manny Villar had the most promotions and business in the races season like the popular melody that was created and made for him just few knew the title we for the most part called it â€Å"Nakaligo ka na ba sa dagat ng basura† so back to the point, political decision spending is essentially lawmakers putting they’re entire cash on the ads and promotions which would equivalent to opening entryways for new openings like the workers of the print machine getting increasingly beneficial, individuals will land positions for gluing they’re banners, executives, authors and makers gets progressi vely profitable and more individuals will be paid for ability charge. You read Philippine Economy in class Papers Well, those are the most well-known occupations when there is political decision spending there are still in reality more employments that are unprecedented, more occupations that can assist Filipinos with continuing they’re every day needs. As indicated by Edu Lopez, Chino Leyco. â€Å"GDP up by 7. 3% in 2012. † (2011): n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. , Remo, Michelle. â€Å"Election Spending to help GDP. † (2009): n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . Starting at now the Philippine GDP development of 2012 in the first quarter is 6. 4%. Stunning everybody around the globe for getting the second most elevated position in asia just behind China. China is positioned as the most elevated on account of the perpetual development of apartment suites which until now†¦stayed empty†¦ By the later years China will encounter a gigantic property bubble burst which implies when all condos are constructed and still remained void, what might happen is that, businesspeople will fail and cash won't be circling any longer since for what reason would China despite everything manufacture numerous townhouses when a large portion of the condos are not in any case sold at this point? Which would mean less development equivalent to less individuals will be utilized, equivalent to less individuals will get compensation which would, at long last, equivalent to cash not coursing around the nation which would result to low GDP Growth even now, expectations for China’s second Quarter GDP Growth are littler than there first Quarter GDP Growth of 8%. This is one of China’s enormous issues, they continue building foundations which at long last, it won’t even be used. As indicated by an article â€Å"Phl GDP up 6. 4% in Q1, most elevated development in ASEAN. † (2012): n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. , Rapoza, Kenneth. China’s Housing Bubble Past, And Its Future. † (2011): n. page. Web. Aug. 2012. . The Philippines, starting at now, is doing great, our nation has been truly doing acceptable that the media said that sooner, the Philippines will get a FICO score update and a speculation grade. In the event that you’re curious about FICO score redesign and venture grade, these are to some degree like identifications for nations deciphering how financial specialist agreeable we are. On the off chance that w

Conditioner For My Face

Conditioner For My Face I got this postcard from my dad a few weeks ago. Its funny how when you leave for college, you kind of forget that life continues to happen in that world where you just left. I just got this message out of the blue I had no idea that my dad went to Korea (and from there, to Singapore and Cambodia). I like to think that my parents were actually secret agents before my sister and I were born, and now theyre just picking their lives back up where they left off. Next up my mom goes on a mission to HAWAII! (She said she was taking my grandparents, but I know thats her cover story. Im so on to them.) Ive always been one of those people who keeps track of funny quotes. Two years ago when I was in South Caicos for a research program I made a three-page quote list that included such gems as, Can I use your conditioner for my face?, I cook with MY Nalgene!, and So the conch goes, Oh s***. Im out of oxygen, and Ive crapped on my head.' (That last one is a personal favorite, from my professors lecture on conch anatomy.) So the other day when my 5.112 (Chemistry) professor was discussing hydrogen power, I made sure to take note when he said Ive never been to Iceland, but I do believe it would be one of my favorite countries. (Icelands percent hydrogen power of total power, apparently, is the highest in the world.) And the bus doors, you know how they open like this?.. He then proceeded to go to the board and draw bus doors that split in the middle. You have the water molecule with the OH bonds (At this point he draws a water molecule with the two hydrogens on one door and the oxygen on the other) so that when the bus doors openit splits! Demonstrating how your bus is powered! Patrick the Irish calculated that if were spending about $45,000 for tuition per year, each lecture is something like $104. If each lecture is 55 minutes long, this means that I spent around $12 to hear my professor discuss Icelandic bus doors. My parents would be thrilled.* Other rich gems from my classes (all are split into lectures, big talks by your professor, and recitations, small sessions by your TA): Now we have a concentration cell. It sounds like a good place to study for an exam. Thats not what it is. (on someones research paper from the early 1900s about VSEPR theory) Theyve subtracted his signature. Probably so that no one could use his credit card. You cant just send an ion through a galvanic cell. Because otherwise, I could put a little charge on myself and run through a wire. Eric Eric+ + e-. Now were going to move into drawing VSEPR structures. I was considering using red and blue chalk and give everybody those 3-d glasses.. You may want to work it out by another method, but thats not correct Son of an ellyptic paraboloid! I am probably not telling you the truth.. but this is not the first time. Next week is Thanksgiving, which means that some of the dining halls (as well as a few fraternities) have been having special Thanksgiving buffet dinners. I am a huge fan of food, Thanksgiving food especially (while you may think this is strange because Im a vegetarian, I have never met cranberry sauce that I wasnt immediately friends with), so I took this opportunity to drag all my friends to different dinners across campus. My friend Christana couldnt stop laughing when she saw my plate(s). Just because Im small and Asian doesnt mean I cant eat! (Okay, I didnt really finish everything, but I enjoyed everything so thoroughly that I almost couldnt walk after. I need to get into serious eating shape for next week.) Thanksgiving also means that a lot of people are going home, some are staying here, and a few weirdos (like yours truly) are having their parents fly out here, and then going to visit their relatives in New York, where there will invariably be large amounts of cheek-pinching and eating more than enough Korean food to compensate for several months of college dining. To say that Im excited would be a gross understatement. Im so excited I cant even study! Especially since my parents are taking time off from their secret lives of fighting crime to see me. *From: [emailprotected] Subject: Re: Review Your Current MIT Student Account Statement Date: November 16, 2006 12:16:46 AM EST To: [emailprotected], [emailprotected], [emailprotected] Jess, thank you for spending our money. Love Dad

For Whom The Bell Tolls(term-paper) - 1782 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When reading an Ernest Hemingway novel, one must try very hard to focus on the joy and encouragement found in the work. For Whom the Bell Tolls is full of love and beauty, but is so greatly overshadowed by this lingering feeling of doom--a feeling that does not let you enjoy reading, for you are always waiting for the let down, a chance for human nature to go horribly awry. This feeling is broken up into three specific areas. In Ernest Hemingways novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, humanity is exploited through brutal violence, unnecessary courage, and hopeless futility. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hemingway has the uncanny gift of imagery, and he possesses a brilliant mastery of the English language. He is†¦show more content†¦The fascists then rounded up all of her family and shot them one by one in the back of the head, letting her live just to tell the tale to whoever tried to stop them. This forces you to try and remember that this is just a fictional story and that things like this don’t really happen in ordinary life, but the unfortunate reality is that these things happen all the time, especially while peoples are at war. To snuff this horrendous use of violence is much easier, but, sadly, is far from a realistic notion. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Why is there all this violence going on? Sometimes one thinks that had the hero in this story not been so brazenly courageous, maybe the sadness and disgusting malice may not have occurred, for if you don’t start a fight you cannot get beaten up, and also, if one hides instead of shouting, he can usually get away. Regardless, Robert Jordan must do both of the following two acts in order to cope inside this story: build up his life to apex at one final showdown, and to trap himself in a never-ending tunnel of beatings and ultimately destruction (Frohock 167). Robert Jordan must make a final stand in For Whom the Bell Tolls if for no other reason, to save his manhood. John Wain explains: â€Å"†¦To make a last stand—for if defeat is accepted in Hemingway’s world, humiliation and rout are not. His fictions present moments of violence, crisis and death, yet these become occasions for a stubborn, quixotic resistance through which theShow MoreRelatedFor Whom the Bell Tolls(Term-Paper)1832 Words   |  8 Pagesvery hard to focus on the joy and encouragement found in the work. For Whom the Bell Tolls is full of love and beauty, but is so greatly overshadowed by this lingering feeling of doom--a feeling that does not let you enjoy reading, for you are always waiting for the let down, a chance for human nature to go horribly awry. This feeling is broken up into three specific areas. In Ernest Hemingways novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, humanity is exploited through brutal violence, unnecessary courage, andRead MoreComparison Of The Cellist Of Sarajevo And For Whom The Bell Tolls1340 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of War Comparison of The Cellist of Sarajevo and For Whom the Bell Tolls The severity of warfare engrains an everlasting memory into the minds of those whom may experience it. Two novels that exemplify the effects of war are The Cellist of Sarajevo by Steven Galloway and For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemmingway. In the first novel, Galloway follows three individuals who live within the war-torn city of Sarajevo and encounter personal struggles whilst trying to survive the devastatingRead MoreComparing For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms which are both by Ernest Hemingway2506 Words   |  11 PagesHemingway and the Struggle of Masculinity in WarMen in A Farewell to Arms and For Whom The Bell TollsThe name of Ernest Hemingway has long been associated with the idea of a strong, stubborn man who is very socially inept. In both A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls, we are introduced to an extremely cold, unfeeling character and we see how they evolve from one type of man into another. Frederic Henry and Robert Jordan are both America ns serving overseas in some conflict, Henry being inRead MoreHow We Can Live Longer Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesLive Past the Average Life Expectancy IV. Leading Causes Of Death (table) V. What Do We Do to Live Longer Conclusion: Introduction What is the fear of most humans? The fear is aging and death. In this paper you will find out a lot about aging. You will learn what longevity is, what determines it, the average length of life and how you can exceed it. You will find it amazing that doing simple things every day will help you to feel better an liveRead MorePoems with Theme with Life and Death and Their Analysis8446 Words   |  34 Pages Some basic elements of poem and types of poem are included in this paper. Although there are countless number of poems on Life and Death, only the ones which seem noteworthy are studied and analysed in terms of themes. Different opinions of different poets on life and death found in their poems are also presented and contrasted in this paper. This paper will be of use and help to the learners of English. Introduction: Read MoreErnest Hemingway Essay6491 Words   |  26 Pagespride, fearlessness in any undertaking, and an interest in physical violence must have left his closest companions admiring in awe. Probably, all of the above allowed Hemingway to live through several divorces and the untimely suicide of his father whom he loved so dear, and still write with the greatest of adroitness and emotion. Maybe that is how he has endeared himself to the entire world and why his legend will live for eternity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One of Hemingway’s resounding qualitiesRead More Earnest Hemingway Essay3001 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Oak Park public school system. In high school he was mediocre at sports, joining the football, swimming, basketball, and water polo teams and serving as the track team manager (Nelson 5). He began his journalistic career writing for the school paper, the Trapeze, where he wrote his first articles and often humorous pieces in the style of Ring Lardner, a popular satirist of the time. After graduating in the spring of 1917, against the wishes of his parents, he forwent college and took a job asRead MoreThe Executive Compass and Its Relation to the Good Society3023 Words   |  12 Pagesincludes equality, efficiency, community and liberty. In view of this, the first part of the paper seeks to highlight the many different views of the good society propounded by many political ideologies in relation to the executive compass. The second part answers why t he invisible hand does not seem to be working and how the tensions between liberty and efficiency can be resolved under the invisible. Finally, the paper will analyze what I would do to contribute to the creation of a good society. LibertyRead More Robert Altmans Film Adaptation of Raymond Carvers Short Cuts4363 Words   |  18 PagesA similar function is served by the scene in which Jerry comes to clean the Finnigans pool. Here we learn that the Finnigans live next door to Tess and Zoe, whose pool Jerry will later clean (because of the interaction in this scene), and both of whom are musicians who will eventually perform for perhaps a quarter to a third of the cast. Altmans eight-track dialogue technique is used effectively here to reinforce the notion that the characters spatial proximity doesnt prevent them from leadingRead MoreThe Reign Of Elizabeth I3344 Words   |  14 PagesAbbey, the crowds rushed forward to cut out pieces as souvenirs. Elizabeth made sure that everyone - down to the lowliest beggar - played a part, pausing to listen to congratulations from ordinary people on the street. She knew that, in political terms, she needed their support but she also felt a deep sense of responsibility for th eir welfare. For their part, the people were thrilled with their new Queen. Elizabeth was an instant hit. The country now looked to the young Queen for salvation. As

The Effects Of Medication On The Body - 935 Words

Psychopharmacology deals with the study of how medication is used to treat mental disorders. This approach comes with ongoing learning of the effects of medication on the body, and also how the body impacts medication. This however, does not exclude therapy with the client. Psychiatrists and other trained medical doctors utilize this area for the treatment of patients with mental disorders. Sociocultural perspective is based on the position that the environment, social and cultural influences affect a person’s behaviour. The main person is this school of thought is Lev S. Vygotsky (1896- 1934) who believed that schools, classrooms, and other environment played a key role in the cognitive development of children (Valenzuela, 2002). He thought that children were able to learn through interaction with their teachers because cognitive development precedes learning. Children are also able to learn through imitation of others. After this step is accomplished, they will go on to learning from intrinsic methods such as memory. Cognitive psychology supports the view that a person’s thoughts have a major effect on their emotions, and therefore seeks to get a person to break negative thought patterns. This approach looks at the relationship between behaviour and the thought process, and understands how an individual thought process would influence how they view a particular situation (Fritscher, 2016). In addition, Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a psychologist who specialized in theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Anticholinergic Medications On The Body817 Words   |  4 Pagespaper will be exploring two main topics with the first being â€Å"sympathomimetics† which are drugs that produce physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system by promoting the stimulation of the sympathetic nerves. We will be considering how the process of stimulation from sympathomimetic drugs occur and how they affect the sympathetic nervous system and what medications that can promote or inhibit a sympathomimet ic response. The second topic being â€Å"anticholinergics† which are a type of drugsRead MorePolypharmacy in the Older Adult: Too Much of a Good Thing Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesof a Good Thing Elderly patients that take several medications compound the risk of developing an adverse drug reaction. Not only does the aging process have an effect on how elderly bodies process medication, but elderly people take more medications than their younger counterparts. According to Conry (2005), the elderly patient takes an average of 5 prescription medications and two non-prescription medications (Conry, 2005). While medications are frequently necessary to enhance the quality of lifeRead MoreEssay on Hidden Dangers of ADHD Medication1014 Words   |  5 Pages2014 Elissa Abbott Hidden Dangers of ADHD Medication Medication for ADHD can cause a great deal of overdose for children that have ADHD. Their bodies will get addicted to the medication when they cannot do without them. If a patient stop taking it, their bodies will shut –down and start reacting in a strange way. These hidden symptoms can cause behavioral analysis that can evaluate the effect in medication that has form in the children body. It all starts from genetics, which cause ADHDRead MoreCase Study : Case Study Analysis1690 Words   |  7 Pagesalways been high-strung and nervous. He reports that his employer for 25 years has been having financial difficulty, and he will likely lose his job and pension plan. He says he has had difficulty with anxiety throughout his life and has taken nerve medication in the past. Mental Status Adam is dressed appropriately and oriented to time, place, and circumstance. He reports a history of anxiety symptoms. He also states that his mother had panic attacks when he was growing up, and there were times itRead MoreThe Effects Of Asthma On The Body1259 Words   |  6 PagesSociety fails to realize the serious effects asthma has on the body. Asthma is defined as an illness in which the airways are blocked or too narrow for air to pass through. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during early childhood. The United States alone has more than 25 million people known to have been born with or developed asthma. It is documented that approximately 7 million of these people are children. It isn t evident why some people are infected with asthma andRead MoreThe Digestive Process Of Medicine901 Words   |  4 PagesThe most common way to take medicine is orally. Once the medicine is ingested through the mouth, it goes through the digestive process to eventu ally be distributed into the organs and tissues. The medication can travel through the body more than once if the medication was not fully dissolved in the first travel through. Within the stomach, acidic juices help to break down nutrients from food or other substances and eliminate bacteria that were on or in the ingested substance. (Howell, 2016) TheRead MoreEssay on Pharmacology1016 Words   |  5 PagesAdults? Medication administration to a pediatric patient can be challenging. Prescribers should order dosage forms that are age appropriate for their patients. The drug delivery industry offers a full array of innovative dosage forms, which are suitable for pediatric patients of all ages. As for adults, the appropriate dosage forms for adults should be based on the specific needs of the patient. Dosage form depends on the patients’ delivery method of the medication (Olson, J., 2006)Read MoreHot Tub Mystery Answers801 Words   |  4 Pagesperimeter of the hot tub. The bodies of Mr. and Mrs. Underhill lie at the bottom of the tub which had a noticeably above average temperature. The couple was determined to have been dead long before the paramedics arrived. It was also mentioned that Mr. Underhill had taken Lasix before entering the hot tub. 2) Based on these observations the investigators should ask the maid why the hot tub was at an unsafe temperature. Other areas of concern include the medication Mr. Underhill was on, what timeRead MoreAdministering Medication to Individuals and Monitoring their Affects1191 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿CU2624 Administer Medication to Individuals and Monitor the Effects 1.1 Identify current legislation,guidelines, policies and protocols relevant to the admistration of medications. COSHH 2002 Medicines Act 1968 Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 Misuses of Drugs (safe custody) Regs 2007 Mental Capacity Act 2005 Health and Social Care Act 2008. 2.1 Describe common types of medication including their effects and side effects. Pain Killers-Paracetamol, Asprin and Ibuprofen. These are used for the reliefRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol On The Body1440 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering from HIV/AIDS, Alcohol can have negative effects on people living with HIV, both on their bodies and how they behave. On the body, alcohol can weaken the immune system and lower CD4 counts. The effects of alcohol on HIV infection depend on how much a person drinks. A number of studies have found that heavy drinkers and those with alcohol problems have lower CD4 counts than moderate drinkers and are likely to have more copies of the HIV in their body. Regardless of how much you drink, it is still

Eefects of Leadership Styles on Employee Prformance Free Essays

string(63) " group members and are personal in their criticism and praise\." CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. 0OVERVIEW This chapter covers the background information of the study, statement of the problem by the researcher and objectives of the study to be attained. It also covers the research questions, significant of the study as well as the scope of the study and its limitations. We will write a custom essay sample on Eefects of Leadership Styles on Employee Prformance or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION There is an ongoing problem about leadership styles and its impact on various aspects of employee performance and their work-related health. It has been suggested that leadership factors had an influence on the employee performance, although relationship between leaders and subordinates has gradually been more focused; but it is still scientifically unclear as to what extent and in what ways leaders influence the employee’s performance. The leader can be described as a possessor of the tools to create and change the structure and culture within an organization. The structural changes have led to new demands on employees’ flexibility and ability to handle changes, which is referred to as a heath risk (Aronson Sjogren, 1994). With the ever changing business landscape of more and innovative competitors, most service firms recognize the need to introduce innovations and new technologies within their organizational processes to stay in the market, or retain their competitive advantage compared to their rivals. An attempt was made to find out the correlation between leadership style of mangers and performance and satisfaction of managers and followers. Democratic/participative leadership style involves employees in decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it) to attain the organization goals. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather is a sign of strength that our employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything. This is why you employ knowledgeable and skilful employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit. It allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions. A democratic leadership style will lead to the use of non-controlling tactics of influence in which managers and employees discuss work-related issues. It is also effective for the performance evaluation as illustrated below:- 1. 1. 1 Diagram showing performance evaluation. 1. 2STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The relationship between leadership style and employee performance has been a subject controversy by researchers (Nwadian 1998 and Adeyeni 2006). The controversy was centered on whether or not the leadership style influences the level of job performance among employees. Common observation shows that leadership style could perhaps have serious impact on human relationship hence affected the employee performance. For the purpose of high performance of employees and subordinates there was the need of using effective leadership style and also important. Research also described that effective leadership styles can enhance the employee performance and commitment with their job. So the execution of leadership styles is one way that with use of different leadership styles, leaders can construct commitment and job satisfaction of employees that increase their performance. 1. 3RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The general purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between employee’s performance and leadership style. The specific objectives of the study were: i) To identify the extent of democratic leadership style used in the organization. ii) To determine the indicators of employee performance. iii) To establish the relationship between democratic leadership style and employee performance. 1. 4RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study covers the questions which are from the objectives so that it answers them appropriately. i) To what extent does democratic leadership style improve employee’s performance? ii) What are the indicators of employee’s performance? iii) Is there good relationship between democratic leadership style and employee’ performance? . 5SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study intends to bridge the gap between the researcher and other previous researchers who undertook a similar case study. This study will benefit other researchers in learning instruction such as universities to make reference from. It shall also benefit companies in the way that they will have knowledge ab out the use of democratic leadership style and employee performance. Employers will generally have an overview of how workable and effective democratic leadership style should be handled through the project. It is hoped that as a result of the study, employees at the middle management and lower level will benefit from more productive and efficiencies in performing their duties. 1. 6SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study was conducted in Mombasa Municipal Council in Coast Province Mombasa District at Mwembe Tayari. 1. 7LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 1. Time limitation 2. Lack of funds to facilitate and complete the study 3. Lack of material for reference 4. Disclosure of information by the population. 1. 8DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGIES 1. 8. 1LEADERSHIP STYLE Leadership style is the behaviour of leader that has expressed ability to influence the subordinates toward the achievement of goals (Armandi Oppedisans Sherman 2003). Leadership style has been classified in different ways in prior researches. Some of them are as follows:- 1. Participative Leadership Style Is defined as a leader who shares decision making with group members or subordinates (Dubrin, 1995). The leader will identify the problem, generate solutions and evaluate the alternatives together with subordinates. The decision-making of participative leadership style is decentralized authority throughout the organization (Steers, 1977). 2. Democratic Leadership Style Is defined as a friendly, helpful leader who encourages participation. A leader with a democratic leadership style shares his or her power with subordinates and decisions are made by consensus or majority vote (Seidenberg Snadowsky, 1976). Democratic leaders encourage subordinates to discuss and make decisions as a group on the policy and steps towards achieving goals. 3. Autocratic Leadership Style Is defined as a directive leader, controlling, discouraging or suppressing participation. An autocratic leader centralizes power with little or no room for subordinates to participate in decision-making process (Seidenberg Snadowsky 1976). Autocratic leader determine all policies, dictate techniques and activities, assign tasks and work partners to group members and are personal in their criticism and praise. You read "Eefects of Leadership Styles on Employee Prformance" in category "Essay examples" 1. 8. 2INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE This can be stated as the product of ability multiplied by motivation it gives performance. Furthermore it can be the belief that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental factors influencing performance primarily through their effort on the individual determinants of performance. Despite the motivation to perform, it is necessary to briefly highlight the barriers that might affect the performance of employees. 1. 8. 3INFORMATION This is the processed data which was collected, interpreted and analyzed to give a meaning. 1. 8. 5POPULATION It refers to the entire group of individuals having a common characteristic. . 8. 6SAMPLE This is a small group obtained from the accessible population. 1. 8. 7SAMPLING It is the process of selecting a number of individuals for a study in such a way that the individual selected represent the population. 1. 8. 8STATISTICS This is the science of organizing, describing and analyzing data. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0OVERVIEW This chapter covers all the literature review from different authors of different text books, Journals, newspapers, magazines and any other related source of obtaining information. 2. 1. 1PURPOSE The purpose of the research was placed on managerial initiative, the technique had been applied to solve the following problems:- – Lack of operating flexibility – Low morale – Poor work quality – High labour turnover – High absenteeism 2. 1. 2DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP BENEFITS This brings about the following:- – Improvement of productivity – Improvement in quality of a product/service delivered – It reduces labour turnovers – It reduces need for direct supervision – Reduction in idle time – Increase of good communication which brings about feedbacks. 2. 2INFLUENCES OF PERFORMANCE Nevertheless, the principle influence on the organization performance is the quality of the workforce at all levels of the organization. The function that human resources can play in gaining a competitive advantage for an organization is empirically well documented (Brewster, Carey Dowling, Grobler, Holland and Warnich, 2003). For organizations to accomplish their goals, they must continually look for better ways to organize and manage their work. There is a growing recognition that the primary source of competitive advantage is derived from an organization’s human resource. This was not always the case, as human resources were traditionally seen as a cost (Brewster, et al, 2003). Due to the realization that people are the most valuable assets in an organization, the importance of performance management has been pushed to the fore (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1995). The complexity of managing organizations today requires managers to view performance in several areas simultaneously. The performance measurement system employed in an organizational must therefore measure the performance of all assets including the human ones. The Balance scorecard of Kaplan and Norton (1996) is a mechanism which provides a holistic measure of organizational performance. It is a set of measures that provide mangers a fast but comprehensive view of the business. The Balanced scorecard is not only a measurement system but also a management system, which enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action (Kaplan ad Norton, 1996). It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results. When fully deployed, the Balance Scorecard transforms strategic planning from an academic exercise into the nerve centre of an enterprise (Norton, 1999). The Balance scorecard includes both financial measures that tell the results of actions already taken, and operational measures that are the drivers of future financial performance (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). It can be seen that the individual’s performance has an impact on the organization’s wider objectives, and it is thus imperative that every employee’s performance should be managed. This process of performance management includes group assessments and peer reviews, as well as written reports (Hellriegel et al, 2004). In recent years performance management system have become more important because managers are under constant pressure to improve the performance of their organizations (Holloway, Francis Hinton, 1999). As the performance of organizations influence the organization’s continued existence, it is therefore necessary to discuss the notion of managing this performance. 2. 3IMPORTANCE OF PERFORMANCE Performance is important to us as a people and organizations. In fact, most of us believe that we can, and will, improve at what we do, and we expect others to improve over time as (Temple, 2002). People are an organization’s greatest assets individuals and organizations have learned about the importance of the role of people in an organization depends on its people (Barlett and Ghoshal, 1995). According to (Armstrong and Baron, 1998) states that the role of human resources is absolutely critical in raising performance in an organization. Ultimately it is the performance of many individuals which culminates in the performance of an organization context. According to (Hellriegel, et al 2004) states that performance management is an integral part of effective human resource management and development strategy. Performance management is an ongoing and joint process where the employee, with the assistance of the employer, â€Å"strives to improve the employee’s individual performance and his contribution to the organization’s wider objectives† (Hellriegel, et al 2004). According to Amos, et al (2004) defined performance management as â€Å"the process that begins with translating the overall strategic objectives of the organization into clear objectives for each individual employee†. Performance Management can also be seen to incorporate all of these aspects of human resource management that are designed to progress and/or develop the effectiveness and efficiency of both the individual and the organization (Amos, et at. , 2004). First-class performance management begins and develops with the employee’s understanding of the organization’s expectations (Hendrey, 1995). To elevate and sustain the level of work performance, managers must look past individual or team performance to a larger arena of play: the performance management system (Campbell, McCloy, Oppler and Sagar, 1993). The success of a performance management system is reliant on the commitment/support of an organization’s management. Performance Management Systems must be seen to reward personal development and achievement (Hendrey, 1995). Within the performance management field itself, it is important that targets are viewed to be fair and equitable across all groups. It is imperative that employees have confidence in their work and recognize that management supports them (Cherrington, 1994; Baird 1996). A good performance management system motivates employees to better their own performance, promotes self-motivation, and builds and strengthens relationships via open communication between employees and managers (Baird, 1986). 2. 4EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE According to Amos, et al. (2004) states that â€Å"the effective management of individual performance is critical to the execution of strategy and the organization achieving its strategic objectives†. Performance cannot be left in anticipation that it will develop naturally, despite the employee’s natural desire to perform and be rewarded for it. This desire needs to be accommodated, facilitated and cultivated (Amos, et al 2004). In return for this performance, organizations extend themselves in various forms of acknowledgement (Foot and Hook, 1999). Individual performance has become a topical issue in today’s business environment, so much so that organizations go to great lengths to appraise and manage it (Armstrong and Baron, 1998). Whetten and Cameron (1998) states that individual performance is the product of ability multiplied by motivation. Furthermore, Cummings and Schwab (1973) concur with the belief that performance is ultimately an individual phenomenon with environmental factors influencing performance primarily through their effect on the individual determinants of performance-ability and motivation. Organizational leadership can be described as the leadership present within the organization, having a direct and indirect effect on individual employee performance – ability and motivation. According to Cummings and Schwab (1973) describe the need for at least minimal ability before an employee can carry out a task, regardless how motivated he may be. Similarly, an abundance of ability will riot result in successful performance if the employee is completely unwilling to perform adequately. This view is supported by Vroom (1964) who indicates that factors influencing individual performance within the organization are factors such as the ability of the willingness of the person to exert effort (motivation). 2. 4. 1LEADERSHIP Finally, organizational leadership can be described as the leadership present within the organization, having a direct and indirect effect on individual employee performance. This role of organizational leadership is further substantial in Hall’s (1996) Competence process, which depicts performance as a dependent collective competence. The competence process is a three-dimensional approach consisting of collaboration, commitment and creativity. The message conveyed by an organization’s leaders may be one that encourages and enables competence and, in turn, performance. 2. 4. 2FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE Despite the motivation to perform, it is necessary to briefly highlight the barriers that might affect the performance of employees. For organizations purposes factors affecting overall employee performance may be separated into two groups: Internal and external. Internal factors are those factors over which the organization ha influence and control, such a job descriptions and employee selection. External factors are those factors over which the organization has little or no control, such as demands for jobs grading systems (Hellriegel, et al. , 1999). Having outlined and defined individual performance, it is now necessary for this research, to review the relationship between performance and leadership. . 5PERFORMANCE AND LEADERSHIP Ultimately is the individual employee either performs, or fails to perform, a task. In order for an organization to perform, an individual must set aside his personal goals, at least in part, to strive for the collective goals of the organization. Thus, effective leadership enables greater participation of the entire workforce, and can also influence both individual and organizational performance (Bass, 1997; Mullins, 1999). The success of an organization is reliant on the leader’s ability to optimize human resources. A good leader understands the importance of employees in achieving the goals of the organization and that motivating these employees is of paramount importance in achieving these goals. To have an effective organization, the people within the organization need to be inspired to invest themselves in the organization’s mission. The employees need to be stimulated so that they can be effective; hence effective organizations required effective leadership. To have an effective organization, there must be effective and stimulating relation between the people involved in the organization (Paulus, Seta and Baron, 1996). It is generally accepted that the effectiveness of any set of people is largely dependent on the quality of its leadership. Effective leader behaviour facilitates the attainment, of the followers desires, which then results in effective performance (Martiz, 1995; Ristow, et al. , 1999). Preliminary research undertaken by (Swanepoel et al. , 2000) found that outstanding leaders, in terms of effectiveness, are perceived to show a strong and direct, but democratic and participative leadership style, and are seen as agents of change and visionaries who increase organizational performance. According to (Botha, 2001) concludes that the need of firms to flourish in the world of escalating competitiveness, of technological advances, of altering government regulations and of changing employee attitudes, requires an advanced level of leadership more than ever before. His views further demonstrate the importance of leadership in the business arena. Research data (Brand, et al. , 2000) has clearly shown that transformational leaders are more effective than transactional leaders regardless of how â€Å"effectiveness† has been defined. This can be further supported by research conducted by Ristow, et al. 1999), which concluded that there was a positive relationship between certain styles of leadership and organizational effectiveness within the administration of East Africa. 2. 5. 1CHANGES AFFECTING LEADERSHIP Leadership is a dynamic process, influenced by changing requirements of the task, the group itself and the individual members. The implication o this is that there is no â€Å"one best way† of leading, and leaders need to be able to exercise a range of behaviour to maintain their role effectively (G. A Cole 2002). Cole said that the leader’s principal role is to influence the group towards the achievement of group goals. In an official group, such as a production team, goals are set mainly, if not exclusively, by senior management. In an informal (unofficial) group, composed of people who have got together as friends and workmates, group goals are much more likely to be agreed on a consensus basis. Either way, the leader’s task is to gain the group’s commitment to these goals. Research studies conducted over the last thirty (30) years have suggested that there are at least four key variables which are crucial in any analysis of leadership. These are: 1. the attributes (knowledge, skills, attitude) of the leader 2. he nature of the task of goal 3. the nature of the group or team 4. the climate, or culture, of the organization. The most recent researches suggest that a contingency approach to leadership is likely to achieve the most productive balance between the need of the team, the requirements of the task, the nature of the organization climate and the pressures exerted by the situati on or context. According to (G. A Cole 2002) elaborated that a contingency approach is one where the leader adopts his or her behaviour to suit the needs of the situation. Clearly, such a view makes leadership somewhat problematic in practice. 2. 6LEADER ATTRIBUTES The earliest studies of leadership focused on the personal qualities, or traits, of leaders. The thinking behind this approach was that the secret of leadership lies in some innate â€Å"qualities of leadership possessed by selected member of society†. Indeed, since most of the leading early exponents of management such as Henri Fayol and Frederick Taylor were themselves lively personalities as well as successful entrepreneurs, it is not surprising that personal qualities were the focus of attention. It is true that personal qualities – or charisma – can play a part in the exercise of leadership. Nevertheless, the so-called â€Å"trait theories† of leadership produced such varied accounts of the key characteristics that Handy (2976) mentions that by 1950 over 100 studies into leadership qualities could only find common features in about 5% of the cases studies. Although trait theories are largely discredited as an instrument of leadership theory, the qualities approach can have some useful applications in management training and development. . 7LEADERSHIP STYLE THEORIES Since the 1950s much of the study of leadership has centered on the behaviour, or style of the leader. If leadership is not much about personal attributes, the argument goes, then perhaps it is about the way in which the leader exercise leadership? The ‘style theorists’; as they have been called, were influenced by an earlier study by Lewin, Lippitt White (1939) in which the effe cts of three different styles of leadership on the performance of groups in camp were studied. It was found that in terms of both goals achieved and member’s satisfaction, a democratic style was preferred to automatic or Laissez-faire styles. The style theorists have taken dimensions such autocratic-democratic and employee centre-task-centred in order to test ideas about leadership style and leadership effectiveness. Leadership effectiveness, or success, refers to performance that leads to: 1. the achievement of organizational goals 2. a high degree of commitments to those goals by the group 3. a high level of group member satisfaction. Reddin (1970), in a discussion on managerial effectiveness distinguishes three types of effectiveness. 1. Apparent effectiveness – the extent to which the manager gives the appearance of being effective by maintaining a high input into the job, but where in reality, his or her achievements are disappointing. 2. Personal effectiveness – The extent to which the manager achieves his or her own objectives, as opposed to those of the organization. 3. Leader effectiveness – The extent to which the leader influences his or her followers to achieve group objectives. The concepts of leadership that we are concerned with in this are associated with leader effectives. That is to say, they are concerned with the results of leadership rather than the inputs they are concerned with the achievement of organizational rather than personal goals, and they are intimately concerned with the relationship between the leader ad his or her group. The way in which the leader approaches the task and people needs of the situation is commonly referred to as leadership style. There have been several well-known studies into styles of leadership and these are summarized brief below. 2. 7. 1THE MICHIGAN STUDIES In a series of studies carried out in early 1950, Rensis Likert and his colleagues studies that behaviour of supervisor of both high-and low- producing groups. The researchers observed that supervisors of high-producing groups tended to be employee-centered in their approach. That is they paid attention to relationships within the group, exercised less direct supervision, and encouraged participation in decision-making. By comparison, supervisors of the low-producing groups tended to be more directive in their behaviour and appeared to be more concerned with the demands of the task than the needs of people in their groups. High-producing groupsLow producing groups Employee-centered approachTask-centered approach 2. 7. 2THE OHIO STUDIES These were also conducted in the early 1950, but from a slightly different perspective from the Michigan studies. The basis of the Ohio researches (Stogdill and Coons, 1957) was a leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire of some 150 items. The analysis suggested that unlike the Michigan conclusions, the two approaches represented separate dimensions. That is to say, people could be scored on consideration and on initiating structures. High Consideration Low LowHigh Figure 2. 7. 2: Initiating structure The researches found that employee satisfaction was greatest under leaders who were rated high on consideration. However, the context had a bearing on responses, since military groups tended to discount consideration in favour of initiating structure. 2. 7. 3MOGREGOR AND LEADERSHIP Douglas McGregor (1960), reflecting on leadership and motivation at work, took the available literature on organizations and examined contemporary managerial policy and practice. Leadership style may affect either positive or negative performance of employees. Leaders who practice democratic style do motivate their employees hence performance increases. When an employee is recognized as part and parcel of the organizational contributors then he/she tend to work hard towards the achievement of the set organizational goals. 2. EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION AND LEADERSHIP STYLE According to Mosadegh Rad and Yarmohammadian (2006), employee job satisfaction refer to the attitude of employees towards their jobs and the organization which employees them. The researchers pointed out that job satisfaction is influenced by many organizational contextual factors ranging from salaries, job autonomy, job security, workplace flexibility to relationship. In particular, leaders within organizations can adopt appropriate leadership styles to affect employee job satisfaction, commitment and productivity. Previous studies have examined the relationship between employee job satisfaction and leadership behaviour in various settings such as healthcare, military education and business organizations (Chenand Silversthorne, 2005). These studies generally indicate that employee job satisfaction in the public sector is just as important as it is in the private sector. Consistent with this, the present study intends to examine the relationship between leadership style and job satisfaction in the public sector. Leadership is a process of interaction between leaders and followers where the leader attempts to influence followers to achieve a common goal (Northhouse, 2010; Yuki, 2005). According to Chen and Chen (2008), previous studies on leadership have identified different types of leadership styles which leaders adopt in managing organization (e. g. Davis 2003; Spears and Lawerence, 2003, Dorfman and Gupta, 2004; Murray, and Riordam 2007). Among the more prominent leadership styles are burns (1978) transactional and transformational leadership styles. Transformational leaders emphasize followers’ intrinsic motivation and personal development. They seek to align followers’ aspirations and needs with desired organizational outcomes. In so doing, transformational leaders are able to foster followers’ commitment to the organizations and inspire them to exceed their expected performance (Silvanathan and Fekken, 2002, Jaokko and Ali 2006). With regard to day’s complex organizations and dynamic business environment, transformational leader are often seen as ideal agents of change who could lead followers in times of uncertainties and high to risk-taking. In contrast, transactional leaders gain legitimacy through the use of rewards, praise and promises that would satisfy followers’ immediate needs (Northhouse 2010). They engage followers by offering rewards in exchange for the achievement of desired goals. 2. 9LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONCEPTS Leadership styles range widely from a job-or task-centered orientation to a people or relationship-centered one, with many other combinations. A participative style has special merit for consideration. A supervisor uses in trying to direct, activate or otherwise provide a motivational atmosphere for employees. It includes leadership traits skills attitudes and behaviour that employees perceive their supervisor to have and consistently use. According to John W. Newstorm (2001) study guide stated that leadership is one in which the leader sets goals, makes decisions, gives orders and demands obedience, autocratic style of leadership. A democratic or consultative style is one in which the leader presents problems, consults with relevant individuals or solicits ideas from those with expertise and interest before making decisions. It is highly consistent with the need to employees and assumptions of Theory Y. True participation gives one or more employees the right to explore problems, gather information, make decisions, and implement them. The positive results is employees are mentally and emotionally to its success. Conditions that should be in place to assist in having the participative approach succeed include:- 1. Adequate time to consult with employees. 2. The benefits of allowing participation must exceed the cost. 3. The issue must be sufficiently interesting to engage the workers’ mind and imaginations. 4. The problem must be within the supervisors area of job freedom. . Not all problems lead themselves to the participative approach and the supervisor and employees must understand this. Examples of formal programs that encourage employee participation include:- a) Suggestion systems, which invite individual employees to submit recommendations for work improvements. b) Quality circles and total quality programs which involve formal training and problem solving, group decisi on making, and statistical techniques to encourage employee to continuously search for improvements in their operations. ) Employee ownership plans, also called employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) which allow employees to purchase shares of common stock in the company, thereby becoming art owners. When participate leadership fails its often because:- a) It is uncomfortable to change old habits. b) It is attempted in a insincere fashion. c) Supervisors fail to follow through on employee input and decisions. d) Performance pressures produce fear and insecurity. e) Supervisors fear it could result in a loss of personal power. 2. 10SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE LEADERSHIP STYLE Leadership styles should be selected with a keen sensitivity to individuals and circumstances involved. An autocratic, authoritative task centered style workers best in situations where the supervisor has lots of real power, the process requires strong control and rapport is good and in situations where just the opposite conditions prevail. A participative/democratic people centered style is best where the supervisor’s authority hasn’t been clearly spelled out or acknowledged, where the process and procedure are somewhat flexible, and where rapport is only average. For good performance in production or service delivery and contain style of leadership should be put in consideration as that employees are at easy and free from stress caused by bad leadership practices. When selecting an appropriate style one has to bear in mind that employees are people who have differences in both attitude likes and dislikes, so they should be all involved when coming 2. 11INTERVENING VARIABLES To understand how a leader can influence the performance of a group or individual employee or organizational subunit, it is helpful to examine intervening variables that determine employee performance. The six intervening variables in the model are based on earlier research and theory on determinants of individual and group performance (Hackman, Brousseau Weiss, 1976). Unlike most other situations theories, the intervening variables are defined primarily. 1. Task Commitment – The extent to which unit member strive to attain a high level of performance and show a high degree of personal commitment to unit t ask objectives. 2. Ability and role clarity – The extent, to which unit members understand their individual job responsibilities, know what to do, and have the skills to do it. 3. Organization of the work – The extent to which effective performance strategies are used to attain unit task objectives and the work is organized to ensure efficient utilization of personnel, equipment, and facilities. 4. Cooperation and Mutual trust – The extent to which group members trust each other, share information and ideas, help each other and identify ;with ;the work unit. 5. Resource and Support – The extent to which the group has the budgetary funds, tools, equipment, supplies, personnel and facilities needed to do the work, and necessary information or assistance from other units. . External coordination – The extent to which activities of the work unit are synchronized with the interdependent activities in other parts of organization and other organizations (e. g. suppliers, clients, joint venture partners). The intervening variables interact with each other to determine the effectiveness of a group or organizational subunit. A seriously defic iency in one intervening variable may lower group effectiveness. The greater the relative importance of a particular intervening variables the more employee performance will be reduced by a deficiency in this variable. The relative importance of the intervening variables depends on the type of work unit and other aspects of the situation. 2. 12SITUATIONAL INFLUENCE ON INTERVENING VARIABLES The situational can influence the intervening variables independently of anything done by the leader. There are two situational variables that influence task commitments are the formal reward system and the motivating properties of the work itself. Member commitment to perform the task effectively will be greater if the organization has a reward system that provides attractive rewards contingent on performance. Motivation is likely to be high for subordinates if work requires varied skills, is interesting and challenging, and provides automatic feedback about performance. Role clarity is affected by task structure, prior member’s experience, and external dependencies. Conditions that increase role ambiguity are as follows: 1. the task has multiple performance criteria that are somewhat incompatible with each other and priorities are unclear. 2. the task requires continuous coordination and mutual adjustment among members. 3. he nature of the work or technological is changing requiring new skills and procedures. 4. a crisis or emergency creates confusion and 5. work unit operations are frequently affected by changes in policies, plans or priorities determined by higher management or clients. 2. 13DETERMINANTS OF TEAM PERFORMANCE 1. Commitment to shared objectives Employee performance will be higher when they are highly motivated to attain shared objectives (Mackenzie and Ahearne 1997) Task commitment is higher when the team considers the objectives worthwhile and the strategy for attaining them appropriate. Leadership behaviours that are especially relevant for increasing members commitment to shared objectives include articulating an appealing vision of what can be accomplished by the team, describing the task in a way that links it to member values and ideals, explaining why a project or task is important, involving members in planning strategies for attaining the objectives and empowering members to find creative solution to problem. 2. Member skills and Role clarity Team performance will be higher when members have the knowledge and skills necessary to do the work and they understand what to do, how to do it, and when it must be done. In a newly formed team, or when the team has a new type of task to perform, leader can clearly explain member responsibilities and relevant procures for performing specific types f activities (Marks, Zaccaro Mathieu, 2000). 3. Internal Organization and Coordination The performance of a team depends not only on the motivation and skills of members, but also on how members are organized to use their skills. The design of work roles and the assignment of people to them determine how efficiently the team has talented people but they are given tasks for which their skills are irrelevant, or if the team uses a performance strategy that is not consistent with members skills. 4. External Coordination The performance of a team also depends upon adjusting their activities to be consistent with the activities of interdependent units inside or outside the organization (include suppliers), and the need of clients who must be accommodated (Ancona 1990). Many specific types of leadership behaviours are relevant for improving external coordination. These include maintaining a network of contacts who can provide relevant information, monitoring external events to identify threat and opportunities for the team, meeting with clients o users to lean more about their needs, consulting with other units of the organization abut plans and decisions that affect them, and facilitating shared mental models that accurately describe the relationship between the team and its environment. 5. Resources and Political Support Team or group performance also depends on getting information, resources and political support needed to do the work (Druskat and Wheeler, 2003) Relevant resources such as budgetary funds, tools and equipment, supplies and materials and facilities. A production team cannot maintain a high level of output without a dependable supply of materials. Leadership behaviours that are relevant for obtaining necessary resources from outside include planning the resources required for a special project or activity. 6. Mutual Trust and Cooperation Even a talented, well-organized team may fail in carrying out its mission unless there is a high level of cooperation and mutual trust among the members. Cooperation is more likely when members identify with the team, value their membership in it and are intrinsically motivated to support it. 7. Collective Efficacy and potency. Member/employee commitment depends in part on the shared belief of members that the team is capable of successfully carrying out it mission and achieving specific task objectives (Bandura 2000, Gallagher and Ensley 2002). This shared belief is called collective efficacy or potency. A highly confident team is also likely to have a more positive mood (Mannand Hirst 2002) Collective efficacy is likely to be higher for a team with strong member skills, a high level of mutual trust and cooperation, ample resources and a relevant performance strategy. Prior success can increase collective efficacy, which in turn can enhance a team of subsequent performance. 2. 14ADVANTAGES OF USING DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHP STYLE The participant can result in high motivation of group members, the knowledge and experience of group members can be used in decision making. Employees may feel more committed to goals and less resistant to managerial actions. Individual abilities can be developed through participation; they may be better informed as a result of two way communication that is from the employee to the leader and also from the leader to the employee. 2. 15DISADVANTAGES OF USING DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE As discussed earlier this style of leadership can also have a few drawbacks to the leader and also to the organizations set goals. Some of them are; individuals may dominate the participation or make disruptive contribution, this approach can be very time consuming for the leader because of the use of two-way communication compromise can result in actions that are not the most effective. Conflict may be resolved by making the least offensive decision not the most effective; situation can develop where responsibilities are not clear cut. Participation may be viewed as a sign of inefficiency on part of a leader; subordinates may view leaders as incompetent to handle the job responsibilities. Employee performance will mostly depend on the leadership style used by the management; if it is favourable to be adapted then high productivity shall be experienced. So far the production to be maintained in employee some methods should be practiced that is manager may adopt to use a combination of two leadership style so as to balance both the employee and organization goals. 2. 16OTHER MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES Other companies tend to use other styles of gathering information from their employees, such as management by walking around (MBWA) is a classic technique used by manages who are proactive listeners managers using this styles gather as much information as possible so that a challenging situation does not turn into a bigger problem. Listening carefully to employees’ suggestions and concerns with help evade potential crises, management by walking around benefits managers by providing unfiltered, real-time information about processes and policies that is often left out of formal communication channels. By walking around, management get an idea of the level of morale in the organization and offer help if there is trouble. A potential concern of MBWA is the manager will second-guess employees’ decisions. The manager must maintain his or her role as coach and counselor, not director. By leading decision-making responsibilities with the employee, manager can be assured of the fastest possible response time. Competence (or competency) to the ability of a individual to perform a job properly. A competency is a set of defined behaviours that provide a structured guide enabling the identification, evaluation and development of the behaviours in individual employees. Some scholars see â€Å"competence† as a combination of knowledge, skills and behaviour used to improve performance or as state or quality of being adequately or well qualified, having the ability to perform a specific role. For instance management competency might include systems thinking and emotional intelligence and skills in influence and negotiation. 2. 7BENEFITS OF GOOD LEADERSHIP STYLE Managing employee co-system performance facilitates the effective delivery of strategic and operational goals. There is a clear and immediate correlation between using performance management programs or software and improved business and organizational results. It benefits the organization direct financial gain in sales gain, reduce costs in the organizational also decreases the time it takes to create strategic or operational changes by communicating the changes through a new set of goal. (Business Journal 2002). Good leadership style brings about motivated workforce which optimizes incentive plans to specific goals for over achievement, not just business as usual, improves employee engagement because everyone understands how they are directly contributing to the organizations high level goals. It also improved management control, flexible responsible to management needs displays data relationships, provides well documented and communicated process documentation; organization development, performance can be thought of as Actual Results Vs Desired Results. Any discrepancy, where Actual is less than Desired, could constitute the performance improvement zone. (Business Journal 4th edition 2004) Performance Management and improvement can be thought of as a cycle. 1. Performance planning – where goals and objectives are established. 2. Performance coaching – where managers intervenes to give feedback and adjust performance. 3. Performance appraisal – where individual performance is formally documented and feedback delivered. A performance problem is any gap between Desired Results and actual Results. Performance improvement is any effort target at closing the gap between Actual Results and Desired Results. 2. 18CONCLUSION In summary, an overview of organizational performance was presented highlighting the need for organizations to deliver results in the competitive business environment of today. As employees play a pivotal role in organizational performance, individual performance has become a topic issue, so much so that organizations go to great lengths to develop, manage and appraise it. In light of this, performance management and individual performance was discussed. Finally, the relationship between performance and leadership was discussed, demonstrating the relationship between them. It is clear that there is definitely a need to identify and implement leadership that enables East Africa Organization to become globally competitive. It has generally been acknowledged that organizational performance requires effective leadership and performance will suffer in direct proportion to the neglect of this. A broad overview of performance has been presented with some reference to its relationship with leadership. It is now important to discuss leadership in detail. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY . 0OVERVIEW This chapter covers the research design, population of the study, sample design/procedure, data collection instruments, data collection procedure and data analysis techniques. 3. 1STUDY AREA The research design is a case study which involves one single company where the research is to be undertaken. For this case the selected company is Mombasa Municipal Council of Mombasa. 3. 2POPULATION OF THE STUDY The targeted population of the research is the employees of Mombasa Municipal Council. Mombasa MunicipalNumber of employees Percentage Council targeted Top Management612% Middle level employee1836% Lower level employee2652% Total50100% 3. 3SAMPLE DESIGN/PROCEDURE The sampling method employed in undertaking this research was randomly sampling; where the population i. e employees were subdivided into three levels; top management, middle and lower level of employees. 3. 4DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS In getting the relevant data for the research study, the following instruments were used; a) Interview This involves interaction with the respondent. Direct interview of the top management and some few middle level employees was undertaken in an effort to get more necessary data relevant for this research. This method is of good advantage in the way that it is easier and clear to get feedback from the questions asked, more elaboration is given by the respondent. b) Questionnaire This is a set of questions properly designed in advance related to the subject of the interview. The questionnaire comprising of precise, short and logically segmental and concise questions calculated to retrieve the appropriate data that enabled the researcher make data based conclusions and recommendations, in reflection of the objective and fulfillment of the general purpose of the study. This method is of a good advantage in the way that:- . 5DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE The event was carefully scheduled in a way that there was time for interview and for submitting of the questionnaires to the intended respondents. The questionnaires were then collected after three days after having conducted the interviews. 3. 6DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Charts i. e pie charts, tables, bar graphs, bar charts were used to analyz e the collected data. These illustrations were used to represent and interpret the collected data to meaningful and useful information. More clarification was carried in chapter four of the study. CHAPTER FOUR 4. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS This chapter covers various findings collected from the field of study by the use of questionnaires and interview. In the analysis, the study simplifies the raw data collected in relation to the objectives of the study. The data was presented in the use of tables, charts and graphs to interpret the findings. 4. 1FINDINGS The targeted population were issued with questionnaires in various departments and collected as shown below in the table. Table 4. 1. 1 showing respondent rate |Employee |Questionnaires |Questionnaires ollected |Percentage | | |distributed | | | |Top managers |6 |6 |15% | |Middle level |18 |12 |30% | |Lower level |26 |22 |55% | |TOTAL |40 |40 |100% | The response shows that the company uses more than one leadership style. Some of the manager responded well. Figure 4. 1. 1 showing the employee response KEY: [pic] 4. 2LEADERSHIP STYLES USED IN THE ORGANIZATION The leadership style used based on the various department. The council used a combination of Autocratic and democratic style of leadership. Table 4. 2. 1 showing respondent on leadership styles |Leadership Style |Respondents |Percentage | |Autocratic |1 |2. % | |Participation |5 |12. 5% | |Combination of Autocratic Participation |20 |50% | |Democratic | | | |Combination of Autocratic and Democratic |6 |15% | | 8 |20% | |TOTAL |40 |100% | Figure 4. 2. 1 showing leadership style in the organization. KEY [pic] In fig. 4. 2. 1, 50% of the respondent pointed out the leadership style used by the manager was a combination of Autocratic and Participation, 20% pointed Autocratic and democratic, 15% pointed participation, 12. 5% pointed Democratic and 2. 5% pointed autocratic leaders hip style. 4. 3EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE DETERMINANTS The table below shows response on the determinants of employee performance. Table 4. 3. 1 showing determinant of employee performance |Employee levels |Respondent |Percentage | |Top managers |4 |10% | |Middle level |16 |40% | |Lower level |20 |50% | |TOTAL |40 |100% | Figure 4. 3. 1 showing the level of employees who are motivated. KEY: [pic] From the Pie Chart above the percentages of the respondent was 50% of the lower level employee, 40% from the middle level and 10% from the top management. This shows that most of the employees performed better when motivated financial than the non finance which was from the top senior managers. 4. 4DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE AND GOOD EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE The table below shows employee response on democratic leadership style and employee performance. Table 4. 4. 1 showing democratic leadership style and good employee performance |Good Employee levels |Respondent |Percentage | |Agree |18 |45% | |Strongly agree |22 |52. 5% | |Disagree |1 |2. % | |Strongly disagree |Nil |0% | |TOTAL |40 |100% | Figure 4. 4. 1 showing democratic leadership style and good employee performance KEY: [pic] From the figures the biggest percentage 52. 2% strongly greeted that democratic leadership style brings about good employee performance in the organization, 45% also agreed and the smallest percentage of 2. % disagreed. 4. 5ADVANTAGES OF DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE AND EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE Employees are more productive when motivated by their leaders hence democratic style is best. It reduces employees’ conflict and stress caused by dictatorship style of leadership. It builds employee confidence, morale hence perform the best. 4. 6DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE REDUCES EMPLOYEE CONFLICT AT THE WORK PLACE The table below shows the respondent to the democratic leadership style conflict reduction at the work place. Democratic leadership style reduces |Respondent |Percentage | |employee conflict | | | |Strongly agree |28 |70% | |Agree |10 |25% | |Disagree |1 |2. % | |Strongly disagree |1 |2. 5% | |TOTAL |40 |100% | Table 4. 6. 1 showing respondent to the democratic leadership style. 70% of the respondent pointed out that they strongly agreed on the fact that democratic leadership style reduces employee conflict hence increase productivity. 25% agreed and 2. 5% were not to agreeing to that. CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION . 0DISCUSSIONS This chapter covers the conclusion and recommendations. It also fills the gap in between. From the study it was found that the company used more than one leadership style so that it may fit with their employees. The top managers used such different style to be compatible to their employee as a means of motivation so that they perform better. 5. 1CONCLUSIONS It was conducted that for employees to perform better some rules must be applied that is, good working tools, conducive environment, good employee relations, motivation, training of employee on relevant fields. Most of the respondent from the company pointed out that good leadership style may bring about good employee performance. Apart from that age also matters in the way that middle employee tend to be more active hence perform better than those in mid 50’s and above. 5. 2RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the findings the researcher recommendations were, that the company has to put in place good understanding of employees, on matters affecting them and their work. It was suggested that the management should put in place a good communication channel though which employee shall follow when in problem. The management should encourage employees to work as a team, share tasks to avoid overloading employees, share profit of the company, motivate the employees to even work extra harder in doing their jobs hence increase productivity. It is also very important to consider employees in formulation of policies and procedures of the organization; consult the employee so that they express their views on matters affecting them. It was recommended that employees to be given good working tools, share tasks, ideas and also given an opportunity to acting positions of managers so that they have experience as well as motivating them to perform better. Employees will be more committed if the roles and tasks are well defined to reduce role conflict as who is to do what and where or when at the work place. Doing so shall build the employees morale to work hard and gives them confidence to work towards the set goals an objectives of the organization. 5. 3GAPS TO BE FILLED There was a gap to be filled by other researchers. It was not clear whether the leadership style affected the employee’s performance or there’re were other factors affecting them to perform poorly. REFERENCES . Armstrong and Baron (1998) Performance Management – The New Realities 2. Brewster Cobbler Holland and Warnich, 2003. Contemporary issues in Human Resource 3. Bartlett and Ghoshal (1995) – Harvard Bus Review 4. Norton (1999) The balanced scorecard: Participant’s Workbook 5. Hellriegel et al (2000) Management Second South Africa Edition 6. Hallaway, Francis Hinton (1999) The International Journal of Public Sector Management 7. Amos et al 2004 Human Resource Management 2nd Edition 8. Cherrington 1994, Baird (1986) Organization Behaviour 9. Foor and Hook (1999) Introduction to Human Resource Management 10. Cummings and Schwab (1973) Performance in Organizations determinants and appraisal 11. Bass 1997; Mullins 1999 Leadership and Performance beyond expectations 12. Brand, et al, (2000) Organizational development and transformation 13. Leadership in Organization by Gary Yuki 14. Supervisory Management by P. W. Betts (Seventh Edition) 15. Study Guide Supervision 8th edition by John W. Newstorm APPENDICES APPENDIX I WORK PLAN OF THE PROJECT Activity |Schedule | |Proposal writing |October 2011 | |Proposal submission |October 2011 | |Data collection |October 2011 | |Data Analysis Presentation |November 2011 | |Typing setting, editing and printing |November 2011 | |Submission |December 2011 | APPENDICES APPENDIX II FINANCIAL BUDGET |Item |Quantity |Price (Ksh. ) |Amount | | | | |(Ksh. | |Stationary | | | | |Fullscapes |1 ream |@500/= |500. 00 | |Printing papers |1 ream |@500/= |500. 00 | |Typese tting Printing |50 pages |@20/= |1,000. 00 | |Photocopy |50 pages |@3/= |150. 00 | |Binding |2 copies |@50/= x2 |100. 0 | |Transport |- |- |800. 00 | |Tools | | | | |Pen |2 pieces |@20/= x 2 |40. 00 | |Pencil |1 piece |@10/= |10. 00 | |Ruler |1 piece |@20/= |20. 00 | |Other expenses |- | |200. 0 | |Total | | |3,320. 00 | ———————– DEMOCRATIC+IMPROVED+FAVOURABLE LEADERSHIPPERFORMANCEEMPLOYEE STYLEEVALUATION Low structure/ High Structure/ High consideration High consideration Low structure/ High Structure/ Low consideration Low consideration Lower level employee Line manager Middle staff Autocratic Participation Autocratic Democratic Participation Democratic Autocratic Lower level employee Middle level Top level Strongly agree Agree Disagree How to cite Eefects of Leadership Styles on Employee Prformance, Essay examples

The Human and Divine Relationship in Homers Iliad and Herodotus Histories free essay sample

Examination of human and divine relationships as seen in such ancient Greek literature as Homers `Iliad` and Herodotus Histories. This paper discusses how throughout Greek history the relationship between human beings and divine figures is a noticeable and predominant one, evident in myth, and especially literature. The author examines such literature of the time, in particular, Homers Iliad and Herodotus Histories, to better understand this unique and extraordinary relationship between humans and divine powers in the ancient Greek world. Throughout Greek history the relationship between human beings and divine figures is a noticeable and predominant one. Evidence of this relationship exists in many forms, such as architecture, art, myth, and especially literature. By examining the literature of the time, we as historians, philosophers and archaeologists, among others, can better understand this unique and extraordinary relationship between humans and divine powers in the ancient Greek world. The Iliad of Homer demonstrates many principles of this relationship through the story of the Trojan War. We will write a custom essay sample on The Human and Divine Relationship in Homers Iliad and Herodotus? Histories or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The characters, their actions and the events that take place demonstrate the interaction of humans and gods, the individual relationships, the authority of divine power, and the helplessness of humans. We also see the treachery and deceit of the gods towards humans. We can look at other later literary works such as Herodotus Histories to examine the human and divine relationship as well.