Kyoto Protocol Essay Sample free essay sample

Glaciers runing. more than a million square stat mis of perennial sea ice the size of Denmark. Sweden and Norway taken together has disappeared and the Arctic could be ice- free in 2040 ensuing to lifting sea degree and submersing bantam islands in the Pacific. These are the scenario being depicted by nrdc. org related to planetary heating ( Consequence: thaw glaciers. early ice melt ) . The nrdc. org farther said that at the current rate glaciers are runing. the Glacier National Park will merely be a dream by 2070. This is a touchable cogent evidence that truly. the world’s temperature is lifting. The latest scientific information as reported by nrdc. org confirm that earth’s clime is heating at unprecedented rate. †Global temperatures increased by about 1 degree Fahrenheit over the class of the last century. and will probably lift even more quickly in coming decennaries. The cause? A inspissating bed of C dioxide pollution and other nursery gases. We will write a custom essay sample on Kyoto Protocol Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page largely from power workss and cars. which traps heat in the atmosphere† ( nrdc. org. Consequences of Global Warming. 1st par. ) . The nrdc. org and Eilferin. J. of Washington Post warned that harmonizing to scientists. the Earth could be warmer by 7. 2 grades Fahrenheit in the twenty-first century if the CO2 emanations from firing fossil fuels will non be reduced. This rise in temperature has far reaching deductions. Sea degree will raise therefore deluging coastal countries and impacting the lives of the people. More intense heat moving ridges will merely ever be around the corner. Droughts and forest fires will be more frequent impacting agribusiness and human homes. Furthermore. disease transporting insects like mosquitoes will be more active infecting 1000000s of people. The foregoing scenarios rose concern of the United Nations to run into with developed and developing states of the Earth to hammer understandings on steps to battle this planetary heating before it will be excessively late. therefore Kyoto Protocol came into being. This paper aims to analyse the understandings made in the Kyoto Protocol in the visible radiation of socio-economic benefits the states could derive against cost considerations. 2 Question: What is the History of Kyoto Protocol? Why is Kyoto Protocol Needed? The Answers: Member states of the United Nations actively tackle the issues related to planetary environment jobs when they fist meet at the UN Conference on Human Environment in 1972 at Stockholm Sweden ( History. The Kyoto Protocol. 1st par. ) . The conference addressed the regional pollution and jobs of acerb rain in Northern Europe and attended by 113 states. The Forum realized the demand for a common attack and rule to steer the universe in the saving and public assistance of the human environment ( 1972: The Beginning†¦ ) . The following U. N. Conference was termed as â€Å"Earth Summit† ( History. 3rd par. 1st line ) and was held at Rio De Janeiro in 1992. The forum resulted to Rio Declaration and Agenda 21. an action program for the member states. UN organisation and Major Groups related to negative impacts of human activities on the environment. The Framework Convention on Climate Ch ange ( FCCC ) and Biological Diversity of the UN were established and signed by 154 states. The FCCC require UN state members to see stabilising the sum of atmospheric nursery gases while guaranting nutrient production and economic development. Furthermore. the History stated that developed states should take the enterprise in cut downing atmospheric gases since they are the biggest defilers. In add-on. the History farther stated that no specific atmospheric nursery gases decrease figure. clip frame and punishments for lawbreakers were agreed. After the Stockholm forum. two COP meetings were held in Berlin and Geneva and on the 3rd COP meeting held in Kyoto. Japan in 1997. the UN member states prepared the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is needed as it holds the key on the concrete programs and committednesss of member states on their part to cut down the atmospheric nursery gases responsible for the world’s biggest job on manus and that is slaking planetary heating. 3 Question: Do you hold with the cost/benefit survey of Canada’s engagement in the Kyoto Protocol? The Answers: Cost/benefit survey of Canada’s engagement in Kyoto Protocol is an of import consideration due to the fact that it will assi st the state make up ones mind if they will put in their committedness to the Kyoto Protocol. The MacLean’s Magazine in their article entitled Kyoto Protocol Shortcomings revealed the socio-economic impact of the understanding through a group of environmental economic experts. One of them was a Danish named Bjorn Lomborg. designer of Copenhagen Consensus undertaking. â€Å"Lomborg and others have crunched the Numberss on clime alteration. and say the preoccupation with C dioxide emanations may be taking the universe down a unsafe way. Global heating is existent and it is a job. Lomborg says. But the cardinal job of the Kyoto Protocol is that it will accomplish really small at a really high cost â€Å" ( Kyoto Protocol defects. 2nd par. ) . This determination is supported by Prof. Robert Mendelsohn of Yale University. one of the most well-thought-of critics of the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol shortcoming farther stated that Mendelsohn’s research revealed that for every ton of CO2 released. the cost of harm to the environment is about US $ 5. Canada agreed to a 6 % decrease of its C emanation below the 1990 degree in 2010 and this is approximately 270 to 300 megatonnes. The Canadian authorities projected that based from the mark. they will pass up t o $ 10 billion to cut down emanation to 240 megatonnes which is tantamount to a cost of $ 41. 66 per metric ton. This cost is eight times the sum that harmonizing to Mendelsohn’s survey is justifiable. This figure still exclude the outgos that Canadian companies have to blast out in footings of chance losingss from restricting growing to run into Canada’s committedness to the protocol. The Protocol defects besides revealed that Canada emits less than 2 % of entire planetary emanation. hence. cut downing to 6 % as committed is theoretically indefensible and proved economically unsound. 4 Question: Why U. S. A. should or should non fall in the Kyoto Protocol? The Answer: It is an recognized fact that U. S. is the most influential state in the universe. Many states praise the U. S. for its success in taking the universe both economically and politically. Knowing the grounds of this state non signing the Kyoto Protocol will lend wisdom in make up ones minding whether one’s state should fall in the bandwagon or non. The U. S. is responsible for about a one-fourth of planetary atmospheric CO2 emanation ( Buckley. 3rd par. ) and yet it is hesitating to see the Kyoto Protocol. The ground is â€Å"The USA does non swear scientific decisions of the Kyoto Protocol ideologists† ( China and India criminal Kyoto Protocol†¦ . . 1st par. . 1st line ) . Furthermore. harmonizing to Dulgar. J. . editorialist of influential Daily Nexus. the U. S. doesn’t like the fact that â€Å"The pact would merely hold required specific states to cut down their emanations. go forthing out developing states such as China and India. For the United States. it is of import that a developing state such as China. which is sing huge growing. be dealt the same economic drawbacks that the protocol would enforce on already developed nations† ( 4th par. 3rd line ) . This is besides supported by same sentiment by Antonelli and Schaffer. The editorialist added that Kyoto Protocol doesn’t maintain an equal trade playing field therefore prefering the developing states. Another ground and may be considered as the existent ground of U. S. non signing the Kyoto Protocol is the informations that they got from Global Positioning System ( GPS ) which disprove nursery gases as cause of planetary heating. â€Å"The autumn in sea degrees that they have detected clearly indicate that sea degrees fall faster than any rise due to planetary heating ( because the Earth is spread outing ) . The United States knows that our seas are withdrawing and that Global heating is caused by the Earth ain internal heat. which is increasing† ( Guy. R. The Kyoto Protocol †¦ 4th par. ) . The U. S. merely keep other economic grounds for non signing the Protocol. 5 Question: Is Kyoto Protocol excessively soft or excessively rough on China and India? What is emis sion license system? Is emission license system feasible to adhere to Kyoto Protocol? Answer: Kyoto Protocol’s intervention of China and India is an of import consideration in every bit much as they besides contribute to Global heating. Excluding China and India from subjecting nursery emanation decrease mark while necessitating other developing states to subject is excessively soft an attack by the Kyoto Protocol. This soft stance will ensue to inequality in the trade playing field and is one of the grounds of the U. S. shying off from the Kyoto Protocol. ( Kyoto Protocol comes into force. BBC News ) . Emission license system should be understood good as this is one of the ways by which a developed state can widen over their emanation cap and maximise the nursery breathing gases activities to increase the production and gross national merchandise. â€Å"In order to integrate the developing states in the Kyoto Protocol. the Clinton Administration pushed for the inclusion of the Clean Development Mechanism ( CDM ) . Under the CDM. states in the developed universe would be capable to crest on nursery gas emanations while developing states would not† ( Baker and Barret. 2nd par. ) . If a developing state success fully lowered its emanation rate. that state can offer an emanation license for sale to a developed state who wants to transcend its emanation cap. The developing state will make activities like set uping broad tree plantations which absorb atmospheric CO2. decelerate down in coal fired workss and usage of fossil fuels in exchange for a fee. The emanation license system can adhere with Kyoto Protocol as it offer chances to developing states to get needful financess for its ain development while guaranting decrease of nursery gases in the ambiance and aid look into planetary heating. 6 Question: What can we make beyond Kyoto Protocol? Answer: Kyoto Protocol’s purpose is to cut down nursery gas emanation to the ambiance by an norm of 5. 6 % from 1990 degree ( History ) . The History further said that the Protocol took consequence February 2005 and will last 2012. Since 2005. a batch of activities in different states geared on slaking planetary heating was undertaken with considerable success. â€Å"In China and India. substructure necessary to replace natural gas for coal is already being put in topographic point. And in many of the oil- bring forthing parts of the universe. the spread of international engineering is doing it possible to capture and reinject the natural gas that is frequently associated with oil. i nstead than venting or flame uping it into the ambiance. † ( Brown. J. . Developing Solutions. 3rd par. ) . Kyoto Protocol is merely the start of the solution to a pressing planetary job. Successs are being achieved by determined states and more will be coming till 2012. We should get down implementing our ain small manner of C dioxide emanation decrease that will jointly do a difference down 2012 and beyond. The private sector is good informed of planetary heating and their attempts to better dodo fuel efficiency and develop cost- effectual alternate beginnings of energy will be a flourishing concern. Governments must make inducement. better scientific attempts and hammer international cooperation to tackle the concern potency non merely until 2012 but besides beyond. Kyoto Protocol is based on novel and originative thoughts on extenuating the planetary heating. Not all states is in line with the protocol and we have documented that a separate group headed by the U. S. is hammering their ain manner on slaking planetary heating. The consequence will besides be the same as what the Kyoto Protocol embraces. If there are more cost-efficient ways of making it. so allow it be done. The most of import accomplishment of the Kyoto Protocol is the planetary consciousness that something must be done. Kyoto Protocol is certainly our first measure to salvage our ain Mother Earth. Plants Cited Antonelli. A and Schaefer. B. â€Å"Why the Kyoto Signing Signals Disregard for Congress† . 23 November 1998. Executive Memorandum # 559. The Heritage Foundation. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. heritage. org/Research/EnergyandEnvironment/em559. cfm gt ; Brown. J. â€Å"Beyond Kyoto† . July/August 2004. Foreign Affairs. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. foreignaffairs. org/20040701faessay83404/john-browne/beyond-kyoto. hypertext markup language Buckley. L. â€Å" Carbon Emission Reach Record High† . 2004 Earth Policy Institute. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. earh. policy. org/Indicator/CO2/2004. htm gt ; Dulgar. J. â€Å"Ratifying Kyoto Protocol Promises Damage U. S. Economy† . 27 June 2007. Daily Nexus. 138:87. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. dailynexus. com/article. php? a=14380 gt ; Eilperin. J. â€Å"World Temperatures Keep Rising with a Hot 2 005. The Washington Post. 13 October 2005: A01. 26 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. washingtonpost. com/wp- dyn/content/article/2005/10/12/AR2005101202498. hypertext markup language gt ; Guy. R. â€Å"The Kyoto Protocol What Does America Know the Real Reason Behind the U. S. Refusal to Sign the Treaty. 31 August 2006. E-Wire. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ewire. com/display. cfm/Wire_ID/3269 gt ; â€Å"History† . The Kyoto Protocol. 26 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mtholyoke. edu/~danov20d/site/history. htm gt ; â€Å"Kyoto Protocol Comes into Force† . 16 February 2005. BBC News. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4267245. short-term memory gt ; Maich. S. â€Å"The Kyoto Protocol’s Shortcomings† . 5 December 2005. The MacLean’s Magazine. 26 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. thecanadianencycloped ia. com/index. cfm? PgNm=TCE A ; Params =M1ARTM0012867 gt ; Nrdc. org. 21 September 2007. â€Å" Consequences of Global Warming† . Issues: Global Warming. 26 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/fcons. asp gt ; â€Å"USA. China and India criminal Kyoto Protocol and set away new clime alteration initiative† . 27 July 2005. Pravda. Ru. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //english. pravda. ru/world/americas/29- 07-2005/8653-kyoto-0 â€Å"1972: The Beginning- The Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment† . 18 July 2003. Heindrich Boll Foundation. Johannesburg. 26 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. worldsummit2002. org/index. htm? hypertext transfer protocol: //www. worldsummit2002. org/- guide/stockholm. htm gt ; 7 Executive Memorandum # 559. 23 November 1998. The Heritage Foundation. 27 November 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. heritage. org/Research/EnergyandEnv ironment/em559. cfm gt ;

How to Reference an Ebook †APA style

How to Reference an Ebook – APA style How to Reference an Ebook – APA Style Time makes fools of us all, even when it comes to referencing. As such, its a good thing that the American Psychological Association (APA) has updated its style guide to catch up with the internet. For example, it now has special rules for how to cite an ebook. Find out more by reading the rest of this post! APA Referencing and Citing an Ebook APA style referencing is commonly used in the social sciences and utilizes author–date in-text citations accompanied by a reference list, ordered alphabetically, in which full bibliographic details is provided. The format required for an e-book differs slightly from that used for print books, since youll need to include a DOI or URL where it can be found online: Surname, INITIALS (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL.com In your reference list, this would appear as: Author, A. N. (1995). Future books. Retrieved from ebooks.com/archive.html In-text citations for ebooks are simple to remember, as they’re identical to those used for print books, with the author name and date of publication provided in parentheses. Additional Considerations for Citing an Ebook†¦ There are two more things to keep in mind when referencing ebooks that does not apply to printed books. The first regards dates of publication. If the ebook you’re referencing is available in print or has its own publication date, use that date. If not, use the the term â€Å"n.d.† (an abbreviation of â€Å"no date†): Ternet, I. N., Author, A. N. (n.d.). The information superhighway. Retrieved from ebooks.com/index.html The second thing to remember is that, if applicable, details about the edition or DOI of the ebook you’re citing should be included in the reference list. For example, the Kindle edition of A. N. Author’s Future Books would appear as: Author, A. N. (1995). Future books. [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from ebooks.com/archive.html Hopefully this has clarified a few things about how to reference ebooks using APA style. For further helpful tips on a range of topics, don’t forget to check out the rest of our academic blog.

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Payroll Framework Implementation

Payroll Framework Implementation The following report marks the use of the organisation and gets proper use of the organizational support for the understanding of the situation that marks the development and the operation of the organization. The concerned project consists of three prime tasks which are marked as section 1, 2 and 3. Section 1 describes the implementation of two preliminary frameworks-COBIT and COSO in the payroll failure of the Queensland healthcare system. Section 2 of the report deals with describing various frameworks required to sustain the failure, which had been implemented by the health department, IBM and other parties. Section 3 develops an understanding of 2 stages concerning System Development Life Cycle and its working in the project. Importance of payroll framework in any organisation lies in marking and demanding proper as well as smooth development of the organisational management. The management of the organization and the play of the management in terms of dealing with the organisational workers mark the smooth operation of the organisation. It can be so detected that the organization along with the workers are bound with the relation of employer and employee common thread of paying and receiving of salary and wages respectively. The opportunity in the following will be based on the understanding of the consequences if the framework of COBIT and COSO were implemented by the organization. COBIT: As supported by De Haes et al. (2013, p.320), COBIT is one of the latest version of ISACAs globally accepted framework for the proper end to end governance of enterprises and organization related to IT. The central management of the framework helps in the creating of the values in the enterprises. The prime use of the organizational support and the use of the framework is the smooth management of the leadership, guidance and practice with the use of the analytical tool that is managed by COBIT. As supported by Rubino and Vitolla (2014, p.770), the framework helps in the better management of the enterprises IT sector and makes the most of it with the smooth development of the organisation. COBIT stands for Control Objectives for Information and related Technology. This frame work helps in the better bridging of the central breach in the field of the IT department of the organisation. Cobit framework allows implementation of the success factors that could essentially guide the f ailure of the payroll system in the health department of Queensland (Chang et al. (2014, p.200). Proper and appropriate level of governance is being provided if Cobit framework had been followed in the concerned project. It helps to maintain collaboration among the employees and support the financial base of the system so that any collapse would be sufficiently handled by the Ministry of health as well as the government of the nation. COSO: As supported by Rubino et al. (2017, p.99), the framework of COSO is used by the managers of the organization for the development of the organization in terms of gaining proper view of the organizations internal control and thus makes the managers of the organization smooth and better operating ground for the operation of the organization. This framework helps in the well management of the organization operation for the better development of the organisations internal process for for development. As mentioned by Seyal et al. (2016, p.240), the COSO framework helps in well understanding of the internal environment of the organization and marks the risk of the environment in order to gain risk assessment benefits. The COSO framework also helps in the proper management of the information also helps in the management of the communication gathered from external and inter source of the organization. The policies and the procedure help in better management of the organization provided by the COSO. As supported by Gantman and Fedorowicz (2016, p.80), the use of the managerial ground of COSO helps in proper formation of strategic planning for development of organization and maintaining of the development ground in the society. Lattice: As mentioned by Rubino et al. (2017, p.200), the LATTICE framework is an obsolete one ion the proper managing of the development of the organization. The smooth operation of the organization is based on the framework of the organization in the opportunity of the organization. The framework is literally based on the smooth operation of the organization with the help of the scaffold in the organisation. The guidelines of the organization help in the marking of the organisational procedures. The system of the organization is better managed by the organizational development and organizational use of the similar guidelines for the overall development of the organization. The overall development of the organization is based on the guidelines of the organization. The overall development as based on the guidelines does not allow the managers to go out of the space and think. Rather leads in the operation of the orgnisation with fixed and close ended opportunity. As supported by Gil- Pechuà ¡n et al. (2014, p.190), the development of the organization is not well supported by the LATTICE frame because of the close ended operation. The key strategies implemented by the health department of Queensland have been to identify the end users of the proposed system, train the management and staff along with defining requirements of the business (Goosen, 2016, p.70). The objectives of the framework as provided by the health department of Queensland focused on imparting adequate training and education to the staff and enlighten them about relevant information. The payroll system being disparate, two basic systems or support frameworks have been adopted- LATTICE and Environment for Scheduling Personnel (ESP). ESP as well as LATTICE has been progressively utilized since 1996 till 2002. The solution of LATTICE was gradually becoming obsolete with the passing years since it needed a minimum amount of interventions manually for accommodating complex award along with incentive structures to be paid to the employees. Opportunities in the organisation have been developed through the implementation of the framework now approved as one of the obsolete one. The situation of the organisation was into a greater alarming position because of the use in the framework of LATTICE,  that mark the closed Indian guidelines of the organisation in the development of the organisational manager skill and knowledge on the work performed by workers of organisation.  As mentioned by Pandeya et al. (2016, p.263),  the achievement of the success in an organisation can be only possible with the help of the development in organisational use and proper management of skill the managers have. The use of the LATTICE went down because of the minimum effect on the mitigation of problems that arise in the organisation. Due to the traditional framework of LATTICE as there was no has effective mitigation procedures that the managers could have a well for the development of the organisation out of the critical situation. As mentioned by IBM is one of the control process that help in managing organisational and managerial work in a smooth and development.  The queen Queensland State Government for shared service initiative (SSI) was implemented by IBM for preparation of the organisation.  at the IBM was not the only form for information that they used for the development of the organisation but logical and SAP were also out of the,  operation of Organisation in an organisation development situation.  In 2005 the IBM was contracted by FSI for transformation of the organisation formed.  The process and procedure of IBM was of performance award interpretation in the society. The implementation of the Operation of the organisation Was bitter supported by IBM because of the eradication of the old system used by the organisation and  implementation of the system that highest tax act in SAP finance, SAP HR, for the restoring system of the organisation worker. The implementation of the word with t he help of IBM was better in chance of making proper work to bring solution will gather the employee of the organisation and maintain a proper authority in operation of the organisation which also included management and implementation on new projects of the organisation with special care and effective efficiency. Development of the study and operation of the organisation have also mention the developed organisation of structure which grows to be IBMs one of the most important factor in the development of organisation society. According to the observation of Houghton et al. (2016, p.365), among the other parties or contractors who were involved in the payroll system of Queensland health department, Corptech was much well-known and reputed one. The main objectives of Corptech have been to oversee entire implementation of health payroll strategies across all the Department of Queensland Government, commencing strategy of SAP as a Human Resource (HR) practice as well as Work brain solution and managing of prime contractor. Payroll tests have been successful by implementing the solutions of SAP HR along with Work brain solutions unlike LATTICE solution. Since there was no specific methodology of project management had been followed, hence, these solutions tended to be appropriate and the ownership, responsibilities and roles had been crystal clear to the employees as well as managers for avoiding the collapse of the system. Supported by Fair, (2016, p.52),  the first stage of the system development life cycle manages to be the System study which mark sweep elementary stage of system development life cycle.  the investigation of the system development life  cycle system study can be traced back to actually and physical system of the organisation.  This is Temple along with System study health in and listing the study referring to the problem objective terms of reference constraint aspects and effect of the benefits and impacts of the demerits of the organisation.  The use of the system study in the society and in the organisation is for the better identification of the problem and for the initiation of the project. As inferred by Ling-Chin et al. (2016, p.377), the background analysis also is done by the help of system study.  Smooth operation of an organisation is maintained and accepted by the proposal of the cycle procedures from the next step.  The study helps in better identification o f the issues and the mitigation of such issues related to the inference and findings of the work done for the development of the organisational procedure and structure. As inferred by Ioppolo et al. (2016, p.180), the feasibility studies is determined by the option and development of the organisation through which study is accepted and used for the better management of the society.  The prime and the most important objective of a study thing feasible is not to solve the problems but to identify the scope of the object to that will help an organisation to add that precede into better developmental situation and opportunities. The economic feasibility is identified for the Solving problems of an organisation we use of better economic and cost effective methods. The use of the cost effective method and proper benefit analysis of the situation smart the feasibility of the study in terms of economic condition. The organisational feasibility is 5 determination of proposed system is consistent and helps an organisation in strategic objective development. Development of the organisation depends on the understanding of system that works for the operation of an object in an organisation As inferred by Houghton et al. (2016, p.363), Social feasibility marks the situation where the objective of the organisation is accepted and enjoyed by every community of the society without causing any social issues on cultural problems. It is essential to understand the impact of the society in an organisation for detecting the development of the operation and cultural views of the organisation.  It is evident that an organisation should maintain the technical feasibility also for coping with the problems of technical issues that arises in daily operation of an organisational work. Referring to the case study, it could be concluded that the health payroll system of Queensland in Australia has failed consistently and doctors along with other health professionals were not paid or wrongly paid. This resulted in imbalanced health institutional structure of Queensland. Even political unrest erupted due to this failure in the payroll system. The governance and the project management engaged in this project of payroll failure have been hardly successful in implementing appropriate framework for overcoming the system failure. However, these frameworks have been sincerely implemented and brought about few yet relevant changes in the payroll system in Queensland. References   Chang, S.I., Yen, D.C., Chang, I.C. and Jan, D., (2014). Internal control framework for a compliant ERP system. Information Management, 51(2), pp.187-205. De Haes, S., Van Grembergen, W. and Debreceny, R.S., (2013). COBIT 5 and enterprise governance of information technology: Building blocks and research opportunities. Journal of Information Systems, 27(1), pp.307-324. Fair, M., (2016). Generalized record linkage system-Statistics Canadas record linkage software. Austrian Journal of Statistics, 33(12), pp.37-53 Gantman, S. and Fedorowicz, J., (2016). Communication and control in outsourced IS development projects: mapping to COBIT domains. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 21, pp.63-83. Gil-Pechuà ¡n, I., Pullicino, P. and Garcà ­a, M.P.C., (2014). Implementation Methodology of Effective Governance to Ensure the Quality of IT Service. In Action-Based Quality Management (pp. 175-192). Springer International Publishing. Goosen, R., (2016). The development of an integrated IT risk assessment questionnaire for internal auditors use. Southern African Journal of Accountability and Auditing Research, 18(1), pp.63-71. Houghton, R.J., White, C., Golightly, D. and Wilson, J.R., (2016). Span of control in supervision of rail track work. Cognition, Technology Work, 18(2), pp.361-378 Ioppolo, G., Cucurachi, S., Salomone, R., Saija, G. and Shi, L., (2016). Sustainable local development and environmental governance: A strategic planning experience. Sustainability, 8(2), p.180 Ling-Chin, J., Heidrich, O. and Roskilly, A.P., (2016). Life cycle assessment (LCA)-from analysing methodology development to introducing an LCA framework for marine photovoltaic (PV) systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, pp.352-378 Pandeya, N., McLeod, D.S., Balasubramaniam, K., Baade, P.D., Youl, P.H., Bain, C.J., Allison, R. and Jordan, S.J., (2016). Increasing thyroid cancer incidence in Queensland, Australia 1982-2008-true increase or overdiagnosis?. Clinical endocrinology, 84(2), pp.257-264 Rubino, M. and Vitolla, F., (2014). Internal control over financial reporting: opportunities using the COBIT framework. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(8), pp.736-771. Rubino, M., Vitolla, F. and Garzoni, A., (2017). The impact of an IT governance framework on the internal control environment. Records Management Journal, 27(1), pp.81-101. Rubino, M., Vitolla, F. and Garzoni, A., (2017). How IT controls improve the control environment. Management Research Review, 40(2), pp.155-205. Sanyanunthana, K., 2016. Education Quality Development for Excellence Performance with Higher Education by Using COBIT 5. Education, 1, p.524 Seyal, A.H., Poon, S.H. and Tajuddin, S., (2016), November. A Preliminary Evaluation of ICT Centers Performance Using COBIT Framework: Evidence from Institutions of Higher Learning in Brunei Darussalam. In International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Information System (pp. 235-244). Springer International Publishing.

Pan-Slavism :: European Europe History

Pan-Slavism In the early nineteenth century, Slavic peoples from multiple empires in eastern and southern Europe began to pursue a movement to protect and organize Slavic culture. In 1848, this movement became more political. It gained a reputation and an attempt was made to unify all Slavic peoples. This movement became known as Pan-Slavism. Pan-Slavism appealed to many Slavs who felt nationalism towards their race. However among the Slavs, there were many different opinions. Some believed that there was a cultural, ethnic, and political connection among all Slavs. Others argued that there was no place for Pan-Slavic goals in the present empires. Above all, the cultural and political issues in the debate over Pan-Slavism were nationalism for ones race and a quest for power. In 1871 Slavs occupied most of eastern and southern Europe. The Slavs came from many nations. They populated the Austro-Hungarian, German, Russian, and the Balkan Areas of the Ottoman Empires. However as a result of their geographic diversity, there was no single language or literature for the Slavic population. Slavs were so disunited that although they shared a common nationality, there was ignorance, hatred, and oppression of each other. Slavic nationalists wanted to unify and form a free and content Pan-Slavic Empire. They believed that all Slavic peoples should maintain a close connection to one another. They were unhappy that among the Slavs, nationality came after humanity, while the opposite of this was true for other nations. In a lecture given by Bronislaw Trentowski in 1848, he stated that if he were ever a tsar, he would destroy the Ottoman and Austrian Empires, thus liberating the Slavic peoples and hence gaining their support. He would free Poland, along with every other Slav occupied country. Some people saw Pan-Slavism as the freeing of non-Russian Slavs from their Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian rulers. Not everyone agreed with the intentions of Pan-Slavism. Some people did not think that that the Slavs were one nation. Karel Havlicek, a Czech journalist shared this belief. He believed that nationality was not only determined by language, but also by customs, religion, government, and way of education. In 1848, he published an article called "Slav and Czech", in which he stated that the name Slav is and should always remain a geographical name. Bulgarian poet, Christo Boter, who strongly believed that only small federations of Slavs, in accordance to location should be built, shared a similar yet different view.

Effective Human Resource Planning Essay

The key to effective human resource management is human resource planning 1.0 Introduction Human Resources (HR) Management is a multifaceted function. This entity has an important place within companies in helping key personnel decide on the best staff for their needs, among other things. Sometimes, the employees chosen are full-time employees already working for the company or they could be contractors. Regardless, the goal of HR Management is to choose the most qualified person for the job. Again, HR Management is a group of professionals that wear many hats, some of which include employee benefits and compensation, hiring and terminating employees, and managing personnel policies and employee records. While smaller companies will often perform the tasks of HR Management on their own, most, larger corporations choose to hire professionals to oversee the entire HR department so we can say that the key to effective human resource management is human resource planning, as it is stated by Mark and Cynthia, it involves strategic plans, then devising ways to meet these objectives . In this essay I will try to focus on strategic planning which is a major factor of planning. 2.0 Aims of strategic plans The history of strategic planning begins in the military. According to Webster’s New World Dictionary, strategy is â€Å"the science of planning and directing large-scale military operations, of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy† (Guralnic, 1986). In an address to the strategic planning workshop director-general of kwazulu-Netal RK Sizani said â€Å"employees must be able to advise, facilitate, support, consult, guide, monitor, resolve disputes and recommend strategic interventions to government and departments. They must be capable of producing rules, procedures, norms, frameworks, standards, draw common plans and goals which will enhance co-ordination. They require people who are experienced and somewhat capacitated and not junior entry  level officers.† As organizations vary in size, aims, functions, complexity, construction, the physical nature of their product, and appeal as employers, so do the contributions of human resource management. But, in most the ultimate aim of the function is to: â€Å"ensure that at all times the business is correctly staffed by the right number of people with the skills relevant to the business needs†, that is, neither overstaffed. The second area should be about identifying which of these plans and strategies are so fundamental that there must be clear plans to address them before the organisation can achieve on any of its goals. These are likely to include: * Workforce planning issues * Progression planning * Staff skills plans * Motivation and fair treatment issues * Pay levels designed to recruit, retain and motivate people * A grading and remuneration system which is fair * Employment issues which impact on staff recruitment, retention, motivation etc. * A performance management framework – which is designed to meet the needs of all sectors of the organisation. * Career development framework – which look at development within the organisation at equipping employees with â€Å"employability† so that they can cope with increasingly frequent changes in employer and employment patterns * Policies and framework- to ensure that people development issues are addressed systematically: competence frameworks, self-managed learning etc. The HR strategy will need to show that careful planning of the people issues will make it substantially easier for the organisation to achieve its wider strategic and operational goals. 3.0 Recruitment of staff Recruitment should be preceded by an analysis of the job to be done (i.e. an analytical study of the tasks to be performed to determine their essential factors) written into a job description so that the selectors know what physical and mental characteristics applicants must possess, what qualities and attitudes are desirable and what characteristics are a decided disadvantage; * In the case of replacement staff a critical questioning of the need to recruit at all (replacement should rarely be an automatic process). * Effectively, selection is ‘buying’ an employee (the price being the wage or salary multiplied by probable years of service) hence bad buys can be very expensive. For that reason some firms (and some firms for particular jobs) use external expert consultants for recruitment and selection. Equally some small organizations exist to ‘head hunt’, i.e. to attract staff with high reputations from existing employers to the recruiting employer. However, the ‘cost’ of poor selection is such that, even for the ordinary day-to-day jobs, those who recruit and select should be well trained to judge the suitability of applicants. 3.1 The main sources of recruitment are: * Internal promotion and internal introductions * University appointment boards; * Agencies for the unemployed; * Advertising (often via agents for specialist posts) or the use of other local media (e.g. commercial radio). The organization put its trade mark for rapid attraction and it must take care not to offend the sex, race, etc. antidiscrimination legislation either directly or indirectly. Interviewing can be carried out by individuals (e.g. supervisor or departmental manager), by panels of interviewers or in the form of sequential interviews by different personal skills techniques to aid judgment include selection testing for: * Aptitudes (particularly useful for school leavers); * Attainments; * General intelligence. (All of these need skilled testing and assessment.) In more senior posts other techniques are: * Leaderless groups; * Command exercises; * Group problem solving. (These are some common techniques – professional selection organizations often use other techniques to aid in selection.) Training in interviewing and in appraising candidates is clearly essential to good recruitment. Largely the former consists of teaching interviewers how  to draw out the interviewee and the latter how to rate the candidates. For consistency rating often consists of scoring candidates for experience, knowledge, physical/mental capabilities, intellectual levels, motivation, prospective potential, leadership abilities etc. 4.0 Analysis 4.1 Setting the strategic direction This process focuses on aligning human resource policies to support the accomplishment of the Company’s mission, vision, goals and strategies. The business’ goals sit at the heart of any HR plan and in order to align business and HR you need to answer one key question, â€Å"Can your organisation’s internal capability deliver the organisation’s business goals?† Many organisations cite their people as their primary source of competitive advantage. Successful companies continuously identify and adopt innovative human resource management policies and practices to sustain that advantage. More importantly, they structure work and design training, performance management, pay, and reward policies to help members of the organization succeed in achieving desired organizational outcomes. In other words, they integrate and align HRM policies and practices to reinforce employee behaviors that can best realize the leaders’ strategic intent. In the most successful companies, the set of policies and practices that collectively make up a company’s HRM system is the critical management tool for communicating and reinforcing the leaders’ strategic intent. 5.0 Conclusion While Human resource management strategies must be developed to support the achievement of the organisation’s objectives, it is a two-way process. These strategies can themselves be critical inputs in determining the strategic initiatives for the organisation. A fatal error, however, is to develop and implement Human resource management strategies without thinking of the  organisational strategic planning process. A common mistake is the development of workplace skills plans which are not linked to any strategic goals or objectives or which have no affirmative action components. So, Human resource planning is the key to effective human resource management. 6.0 References 1. http://www.searchbites.com/docs/HR_MANAGEMENT.asp (28th December 2004) 2. Mark Lengnick-Hall and Cynthia Lengnick-Hall. (22 December 2003) Human Resource Management in the Knowledge Economy: New Challenges, New Roles, New Capabilities, 3. Guralnik, D. (Ed.). (1986). Webster’s New World Dictionary (2nd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Prentice Hall Press. 4. R K Sizani, Workshop of the on implementation and action an address to the strategic planning, (02nd December 2001) 5. Behrman M, (2004), A guide to strategic human resource planning, Workinfor bulletin, south Africa 6. http://www.accel-team.com/human_resources/hrm_02.html, (31 December 2004) 7. A Strategic Human Resource Management System for the 21st Century. Naval Personnel Task Force, September 2000, Story Number: NNS040406-02, 04th June 2004 8. Human Resources, Pay & Trends Bulletin ,The employers’ organisation for local authorities in the south east,(June 2004),

Frostbite Chapter 7

Seven I ANGRILY PUSHED THROUGH THE double doors that led into the Moroi dorm. Snow swirled in behind me, and a few people lingering on the main floor glanced up upon my entrance. Not surprisingly, several of them did double takes. Swallowing, I forced myself not to react. It would be okay. No need to freak out. Novices got injured all the time. It was actually rarer not to get injured. Admittedly, this was a more noticeable injury than most, but I could live with it until it healed, right? And it wasn't like anyone would know how I'd received it. â€Å"Hey Rose, is it true your own mother punched you?† I froze. I'd know that taunting soprano voice anywhere. Turning slowly, I looked into the deep blue eyes of Mia Rinaldi. Curly blond hair framed a face that might have been cute if not for the malicious smirk on it. A year younger than us, Mia'd taken on Lissa (and me by default) in a war to see who could tear apart the other's life most quicklya war, I should add, that she started. It had involved her stealing Lissa's ex-boyfrienddespite the fact Lissa had decided in the end she didn't want himand the spreading of all sorts of rumors. Admittedly, Mia's hatred hadn't been entirely unjustified. Lissa's older brother, Andrewho had been killed in the same car accident that technically â€Å"killed† mehad used Mia pretty badly when she was a freshman. If she weren't such a bitch now, I would have felt sorry for her. It had been wrong of him, and while I could understand her anger, I don't know that it was fair of her to take that out on Lissa in the way she did. Lissa and I had technically won the war in the end, but Mia had inexplicably bounced back. She didn't run with the same elite that she once had, but she had rebuilt a small contingent of friends. Malicious or not, strong leaders always attract followers. I'd found that about 90 percent of the time, the most effective response was to ignore her. But we had just crossed over to the other 10 percent, because it's impossible to ignore someone announcing to the world that your mother just punched youeven if it was true. I stopped walking and turned around. Mia stood near a vending machine, knowing she'd drawn me out. I didn't bother asking how she'd found out about my mother giving me the black eye. Things rarely stayed secret around here. When she caught full sight of my face, her eyes widened in unabashed delight. â€Å"Wow. Talk about a face only a mother could love.† Ha. Cute. From anyone else, I would have applauded the joke. â€Å"Well, you're the expert on face injury,† I said. â€Å"How's your nose?† Mia's icy smile twitched a little, but she didn't back down. I'd broken her nose about a month agoat a school dance of all placesand while the nose had since healed, it now sat just the tiniest bit askew. Plastic surgery could probably fix it up, but from my understanding of her family's finances, that wasn't possible just now. â€Å"It's better,† she replied primly. â€Å"Fortunately, it was only broken by a psychopathic whore and not anyone actually related to me.† I gave her my best psychopathic smile. â€Å"Too bad. Family members hit you by accident. Psychopathic whores tend to come back for more.† Threatening physical violence against her was usually a pretty sound tactic, but we had too many people around right now for that to be a legitimate concern for her. And Mia knew it. Not that I was above attacking someone in this kind of settinghell, I'd done it lots of timesbut I was trying to work on my impulse control lately. â€Å"Doesn't look like much of an accident to me,† she said. â€Å"Don't you guys have rules about face punches? I mean, that looks really far out of bounds.† I opened my mouth to tell her off, but nothing came out. She had a point. My injury was far out of bounds; in that sort of combat, you aren't supposed to hit above the neck. This was way above that forbidden line. Mia saw my hesitation, and it was like Christmas morning had come a week early for her. Until that moment, I don't think there'd ever been a time in our antagonistic relationship in which she'd rendered me speechless. â€Å"Ladies,† came a stern, female voice. The Moroi attending the front desk leaned over it and fixed us with a sharp look. â€Å"This is a lobby, not a lounge. Either go upstairs or go outside.† For a moment, breaking Mia's nose again sounded like the best idea in the worldto hell with detention or suspension. After a deep breath, I decided retreat was my most dignified action now. I stalked off toward the stairs leading up to the girls' dorm. Over my shoulder, I heard Mia call, â€Å"Don't worry, Rose. It'll go away. Besides, it's not your face guys are interested in.† Thirty seconds later, I beat on Lissa's door so hard, it was a wonder my fist didn't go through the wood. She opened it slowly and peered around. â€Å"Is it just you out here? I thought there was an army at theoh my God.† Her eyebrows shot up when she noticed the left side of my face. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"You haven't heard already? You're probably the only one in the school who hasn't,† I grumbled. â€Å"Just let me in.† Sprawling on her bed, I told her about the day's events. She was properly appalled. â€Å"I heard you'd been hurt, but I figured it was one of your normal things,† she said. I stared up at the spackled ceiling, feeling miserable. â€Å"The worst part is, Mia was right. It wasn't an accident.† â€Å"What, you're saying your mom did it on purpose?† When I didn't answer, Lissa's voice turned incredulous. â€Å"Come on, she wouldn't do that. No way.† â€Å"Why? Because she's perfect Janine Hathaway, master of controlling her temper? The thing is, she's also perfect Janine Hathaway, master of fighting and controlling her actions. One way or another, she slipped up.† â€Å"Yeah, well,† said Lissa, â€Å"I think her stumbling and missing her punch is more likely than her doing it on purpose. She'd have to really lose her temper.† â€Å"Well, she was talking to me. That's enough to make anyone lose their temper. And I accused her of sleeping with my dad because he was the soundest evolutionary choice.† â€Å"Rose,† groaned Lissa. â€Å"You kind of left out that part in your recap. Why'd you say that to her?† â€Å"Because it's probably true.† â€Å"But you had to know it'd upset her. Why do you keep provoking her? Why can't you just make peace with her?† I sat upright. â€Å"Make peace with her? She gave me a black eye. Probably on purpose! How do I make peace with someone like that?† Lissa just shook her head and walked over to the mirror to check her makeup. The feelings coming through our bond were ones of frustration and exasperation. Lingering in the back was a bit of anticipation, too. I had the patience to examine her carefully, now that I'd finished my venting. She had on a silky lavender shirt and a knee-length black skirt. Her long hair had the kind of smooth perfection only achieved by spending an hour of your life on it with a hair dryer and flat iron. â€Å"You look nice. What's up?† Her feelings shifted slightly, her irritation with me dimming a little. â€Å"I'm meeting Christian soon.† For a few minutes there, it had felt like the old days with Lissa and me. Just us, hanging out and talking. Her mention of Christian, as well as the realization that she'd have to leave me soon for him, stirred up dark feelings in my chest†¦feelings I had to reluctantly admit were jealousy. Naturally, I didn't let on to that. â€Å"Wow. What'd he do to deserve that? Rescue orphans from a burning building? If so, you might want to make sure he didn't set the building on fire in the first place.† Christian's element was fire. It was fitting since it was the most destructive one. Laughing, she turned from the mirror and noticed me gently touching my swollen face with my fingers. Her smile turned kind. â€Å"It doesn't look that bad.† â€Å"Whatever. I can tell when you're lying, you know. And Dr. Olendzki says it'll be even worse tomorrow.† I lay back down on the bed. â€Å"There probably isn't enough concealer in the world to cover this, is there? Tasha and I'll have to invest in some Phantom of the Opera-style masks.† She sighed and sat on the bed near me. â€Å"Too bad I can't just heal it.† I smiled. â€Å"That would be nice.† The compulsion and charisma brought on by spirit were great, but really, healing was her coolest ability. The range of things she could achieve was staggering. Lissa was also thinking about what spirit could do. â€Å"I wish there were some other way to control the spirit †¦ in a way that still let me use the magic†¦.† â€Å"Yeah,† I said. I understood her burning desire to do great things and help people. It radiated off of her. Hell, I would also have liked to have this eye cleared up in an instant rather than days. â€Å"I wish there were too.† She sighed again. â€Å"And there's more to me than just wishing I could heal and do other stuff with spirit. I also, well, just miss the magic. It's still there; it's just blocked off by the pills. It's burning inside of me. It wants me, and I want it. But there's a wall between us. You just can't imagine it.† â€Å"I can, actually.† It was true. Along with having a general sense for her feelings, I could sometimes also â€Å"slip into her.† It was hard to explain and ever harder to endure. When that happened, I could literally see through her eyes and feel what she experienced. During those times, I was her. Many times, I'd been in her head while she longed for the magic, and I'd felt the burning need she spoke of. She often woke up at night, yearning for the power she could no longer reach. â€Å"Oh yeah,† she said ruefully. â€Å"I forget about that sometimes.† A sense of bitterness filled her. It wasn't directed at me so much as it was the no-win nature of her situation. Anger sparked inside of her. She didn't like feeling helpless any more than I did. The anger and frustration intensified into something darker and uglier, something I didn't like. â€Å"Hey,† I said, touching her arm. â€Å"You okay?† She closed her eyes briefly, then opened them. â€Å"I just hate it.† The intensity of her feelings reminded me of our conversation, the one we'd had just before I went to the Badica house. â€Å"You still feel like the pills might be weakening?† â€Å"I don't know. A little.† â€Å"Is it getting worse?† She shook her head. â€Å"No. I still can't use the magic. I feel closer to it†¦ but it's still blocked off.† â€Å"But you still†¦ your moods †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yeah †¦ they're acting up. But don't worry,† she said, seeing my face. â€Å"I'm not seeing things or trying to hurt myself.† â€Å"Good.† I was glad to hear it but still worried. Even if she still couldn't touch the magic, I didn't like the idea of her mental state slipping again. Desperately, I hoped the situation would just stabilize on its own. â€Å"I'm here,† I told her softly, holding her gaze. â€Å"If anything happens that's weird†¦you tell me, okay?† Like that, the dark feelings disappeared within her. As they did, I felt a weird ripple in the bond. I can't explain what it was, but I shuddered from the force. Lissa didn't notice. Her mood perked up again, and she smiled at me. â€Å"Thanks,† she said. â€Å"I will.† I smiled, happy to see her back to normal. We lapsed into silence, and for the briefest of moments, I wanted to pour my heart out to her. I'd had so much on my mind lately: my mother, Dimitri, and the Badica house. I'd been keeping those feelings locked up, and they were tearing me apart. Now, feeling so comfortable with Lissa for the first time in a long time, I finally felt that I could let her into my feelings for a change. Before I could open my mouth, I felt her thoughts suddenly shift. They became eager and nervous. She had something she wanted to tell me, something she'd been thinking about intently. So much for pouring my heart out. If she wanted to talk, I wouldn't burden her with my problems, so I pushed them aside and waited for her to speak. â€Å"I found something in my research with Ms. Carmack. Something strange†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh?† I asked, instantly curious. Moroi usually developed their specialized element during adolescence. After that, they were put into magic classes specific to that element. But as the only spirit user on record at the moment, Lissa didn't really have a class she could join. Most people believed she just hadn't specialized, but she and Ms. Carmackthe magic teacher at St. Vladimir'shad been meeting independently to learn what they could about spirit. They researched both current and old records, checking for clues that might lead to other spirit users, now that they knew some of the telltale signs: an inability to specialize, mental instability, etc. â€Å"I didn't find any confirmed spirit users, but I did find†¦reports of, um, unexplained phenomena.† I blinked in surprise. â€Å"What kind of stuff?† I asked, pondering what would count as â€Å"unexplained phenomena† for vampires. When she and I had lived with humans, we would have been considered unexplained phenomena. â€Å"They're scattered reports†¦but, like, I read this one about a guy who could make others see things that weren't there. He could get them to believe they were seeing monsters or other people or whatever.† â€Å"That could be compulsion.† â€Å"Really powerful compulsion. I couldn't do that, and I'm strongeror used to bein it than anyone we know. And that power comes from using spirit†¦.† â€Å"So,† I finished, â€Å"you think this illusion guy must have been a spirit user too.† She nodded. â€Å"Why not contact him and find out?† â€Å"Because there's no information listed! It's secret. And there are others just as strange. Like someone who could physically drain others. People standing nearby would get weak and lose all their strength. They'd pass out. And there was someone else who could stop things in midair when they were thrown at him.† Excitement lit up her features. â€Å"He could have been an air user,† I pointed out. â€Å"Maybe,† she said. I could feel the curiosity and excitement swirling through her. She desperately wanted to believe there were others out there like her. I smiled. â€Å"Who knew? Moroi have Roswell- and Area 51-type stuff. It's a wonder I'm not being studied somewhere to see if they can figure out the bond.† Lissa's speculative mood turned teasing. â€Å"I wish I could see into your mind sometimes. I'd like to know how you feel about Mason.† â€Å"He's my friend,† I said stoutly, surprised at the abrupt change in subject. â€Å"That's it.† She tsked. â€Å"You used to flirtand do other stuffwith any guy you could get your hands on.† â€Å"Hey!† I said, offended. â€Å"I wasn't that bad.† â€Å"Okay†¦maybe not. But you don't seem interested in guys anymore.† I was interested in guyswell, one guy. â€Å"Mason's really nice,† she continued. â€Å"And crazy about you.† â€Å"He is,† I agreed. I thought about Mason, about that brief moment when I'd thought he was sexy outside Stan's class. Plus, Mason was really funny, and we got along beautifully. He wasn't a bad prospect as far as boyfriends went. â€Å"You guys are a lot alike. You're both doing things you shouldn't.† I laughed. That was also true. I recalled Mason's eagerness to take on every Strigoi in the world. I might not be ready for thatdespite my outburst in the carbut I shared some of his recklessness. It might be time to give him a shot, I thought. Bantering with him was fun, and it had been a long time since I'd kissed anyone. Dimitri made my heart ache †¦ but, well, it wasn't like anything else was going on there. Lissa watched me appraisingly, like she knew what I was thinkingwell, aside from the Dimitri stuff. â€Å"I heard Meredith say you were an idiot for not going out with him. She said it's because you think you're too good for him.† â€Å"What! That's not true.† â€Å"Hey, I didn't say it. Anyway, she said she's thinking of going after him.† â€Å"Mason and Meredith?† I scoffed. â€Å"That's a disaster in the making. They have nothing in common.† It was petty, but I'd gotten used to Mason always doting on me. Suddenly, the thought of someone else getting him irked me. â€Å"You're possessive,† Lissa said, again guessing my thoughts. No wonder she got so annoyed at me reading her mind. â€Å"Only a little.† She laughed. â€Å"Rose, even if it's not Mason, you really should start dating again. There are lots of guys who would kill to go out with youguys who are actually nice.† I hadn't always made the best choices when it came to men. Once again, the urge to spill all my worries to her seized me. I'd been hesitant to tell her about Dimitri for so long, even though the secret burned inside of me. Sitting with her here reminded me that she was my best friend. I could tell her anything, and she wouldn't judge me. But, just like earlier, I lost the chance to tell her what was on my mind. She glanced over at her alarm clock and suddenly sprang up from the bed. â€Å"I'm late! I've got to meet Christian!† Joy filled her, underscored with a bit of nervous anticipation. Love. What could you do? I swallowed back the jealousy that started to raise its ugly head. Once again, Christian had taken her away from me. I wasn't going to be able to unburden myself tonight. Lissa and I left the dorm, and she practically sprinted away, promising we'd talk tomorrow. I wandered back to my own dorm. When I got to my room, I passed by my mirror and groaned when I saw my face. Dark purple surrounded my eye. In talking to Lissa, I'd almost forgotten about the whole incident with my mother. Stopping to get a closer look, I stared at my face. Maybe it was egotistical, but I knew I looked good. I wore a C-cup and had a body much coveted in a school where most of the girls were supermodel slim. And as I'd noted earlier, my face was pretty too. On a typical day, I was a nine around hereten on a very good one. But today? Yeah. I was practically in negative numbers. I was going to look fabulous for the ski trip. â€Å"My mom beat me up,† I informed my reflection. It looked back sympathetically. With a sigh, I decided I might as well get ready for bed. There was nothing else I wanted to do tonight, and maybe extra sleep would speed the healing. I went down the hall to the bathroom to wash my face and brush my hair. When I got back to my room, I slipped on my favorite pajamas, and the feel of soft flannel cheered me up a little. I was packing my backpack for the next day when a burst of emotion abruptly shot through my bond with Lissa. It caught me unaware and gave me no chance to fight it. It was like being knocked over by a hurricane-force wind, and suddenly, I was no longer looking at my backpack. I was â€Å"inside† Lissa, experiencing her world firsthand. And that's when things got awkward. Because Lissa was with Christian. And things were getting †¦ hot.

Education Of Gifted Children Essays - Gifted Education, Free Essays

Education Of Gifted Children Essays - Gifted Education, Free Essays Education of Gifted Children Started in the 1970?s, America?s Gifted & Talented programs are used to enhance the curriculum of students included in either category in order to challenge and strengthen their unique abilities. These students are usually provided a separate class with specialized lessons in all areas and a teacher with a special degree in gifted education. I feel that it is important that the teacher was a gifted student who would know what the students must face as "above average" members of their school. The job market for gifted education offers a wide range of opportunity and gifted teachers are needed all over the country. One of the earliest programs for gifted and talented students was set up in 1974, at The Old Donation Center, in Virginia Beach. Students scoring within the top 3% of students on an assessment test are referred here to be further challenged. These students are considered gifted and have special teachers and classes to promote development of their talents and minds. Programs like this began to pop up around the nation in the 70?s; however, gifted students were looked down upon by teachers, parents, and peers. Many people considered them to be "freaks" because they were different. They didn?t underezd the implications of the terms "gifted" and "talented". Most people simply expected gifted students to act more mature or to be geniuses, even though gifted students are the same as other children in their needs as human beings. Some gifted students were forced to grow up too fast and some simply ignored the fact that they were smarter than others, thus, they were lost in the shuffle. The irony of it all is that gifted-ness seems to run in families and the children of these repressed gifted students are, themselves, gifted. But what exactly is a "gifted" student? Students (elementary These tests check IQ, psychomotor ability, specific academic aptitude/talent, creative and productive thinking, leadership ability, and skills in the visual and performing arts. The main requirement, the IQ, is tested by a ezdardized IQ test (remember, however, that IQ tests are not always perfectly accurate). Ratings are given to each bracket of IQ scores: 85-99 Lower normal 100-114 Upper normal 115-129 Bright 130-144 Gifted 145-159 Highly gifted 160+ Above profoundly gifted If a student receives a rating of "gifted" or higher (130+), he/she is considered to be a gifted student and is introduced into the designated programs. These students are given the opportunity to choose classes that are meant to teach them how to use their minds for critical thinking, reasoning, and artistic pursuits. Students in these classes are also exposed to culture, literature, and other subject areas that are not usually covered in what they term "normal classes". The gifted classes are mainly in an open format allowing the student to create the parameters of his/her work and allowing them to be creative in their learning experience. Each class is presided-over by a teacher that has specialized degrees in gifted education. Almost every school in the United States has a need for a gifted class, making job opportunities endless; there are never enough. Gifted teachers must have both a degree in education (secondary or elementary) and a degree in special education (gifted). These teachers are individuals that must have stamina, people skills, and open minds. It is also important (to the students) that the teacher himself/herself was also classified as gifted. It sets a common bond, shows them that the teacher underezds the problems they face as so-called "smart kids". These students are often ridiculed by their peers and looked-down upon by their teachers. They are often separated from others their age by a barrier that can only be described as their "intelligence". This is why, often, gifted teachers have degrees in administration, counseling, or psychology. All teachers that I interviewed told me that a continually upgraded education is a must (as are additional degrees). In order to keep up with the students one must attend seminars, workshops, special classes, etc. There is no end to the amount of education that could help you to underezd gifted students and the role of their "teacher". Also, if a

PPP Approach to Language Teaching Literature review

PPP Approach to Language Teaching - Literature review Example This large number of functions is why learning a language is an essential part a human’s development, thus making it one of the most important fields of research for psychologists, doctors, as well as linguists. The process by which a person learns to use a language is language acquisition (Bailey, Madden and Krashen, 235–243, 1974). The learning occurs when the person has grasped how to use the words to express them, and to understand other people when they use these words. In addition, it is not necessarily limited to children. Adults may also undergo language acquisition in case of delayed learning, or in case, they are learning a secondary language (Behrens, 245, 2008). There are several components to this learning, such as understanding how to use syntax, phonetics, and a range of vocabulary (Goodluck, 87, 1991). Furthermore, language is not limited to spoken communication. Sign language is also a common form of language, which consists of using manual signals and gestures to speak. Only human beings have a language that is complex enough to have uniformity in structure, and employs proper vocabulary and syntax (Oxford, 261-275, 1989). Linguists have always been particularly interested in researching the process through which infants learn a language. This process is especially intriguing due to how little input and time these young children require learning a language. Several theorists have presented viewpoints and theories about this phenomenal language acquisition (Macaro, 381, 2010). This paper explores on the usefulness of one of these theories, which is the Presentation, Practice and Production Approach to Language Teaching (PPP approach), and will research the depths of its criticism. It will further try to explore alternative theories by comparing their validity and reliability to PP P, to evaluate this theory further. Language acquisition is an intricate process. It depends especially on the methodology that the teacher employs while teaching the language. These methodologies can be of six different types. One is Collaborative Learning, in which the roles are roughly under division between the student and the teacher, with both of them participating equally in the learning process. It is an interactive method, where the learning occurs by their holding conversations, interviews and having several other experiences (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This describes the second and third stages of the PPP approach, which stress on the student putting what they have learnt into practice. The second method is the Cooperative Language Learning, in which the student learns to use a language by socializing and interacting. This again, describes the practice stage of the PPP approach. The third method is Discovery-based learning, which is derived from the theories of the renowned psychologist Piaget. It bases its methodology on constructivist methods, involving the students having to inquire about and discover the several dimensions of the language their learning. This may not synchronize well with the PPP approach due to the vast different in technique and ideology. The fourth method is Engaged Learning (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This method makes the learners actively engage in the acquisition of the language, which they do using several tools, such as videos and recordings. Apart from this, there is Problem-based learning, which teaches the student how to use and understand a language by first teaching them a part of it, and then testing them through a question-answer format. In this method, the

International Trade Simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Trade Simulation - Essay Example These countries have decided to enter into international trade relations with each other. In the first round of the simulation I was exposed to deciding which imports and exports to choose and which countries to realized trade with. These decisions must be made based on comparative advantage. As an importer Rodamia should choose to import products they not good at producing. These products will cost more to produce at Rodamia than to import them from another nation. The ability of being able to lower the cost of consumer products for the local consumption of the citizens of a country is an advantage of entering into international trade activity. There were advantages and limitations to international trade which were revealed during the simulation. An advantage that was fairly obvious is that international trade increases the wealth of a country by increasing the purchasing power of the people. If the goods and services can be purchased at a lower price by importing, the quality of li fe of the people improves because they can buy more goods and services with the same amount of money.... Sometimes countries are forced to impose these restrictive measures in order to protect an infant industry. In the simulation the corn industry represented a new industry in Rodamia that needed protection. A limitation of international trade was that if a country imposes a tariff on another nation there is a possibility of a retaliation that creates a tariff on a different good or service that is imported. Comparative and absolute powers are two economic terms that were discussed in the simulation. For me comparative power means that one country has a clear advantage over another country in terms of production capability of a good or service. For example Iraq has a comparative advantage in comparison to the US in the production of crude oil. The United States has a comparative advantage in comparison with Iraq in the production of automobiles. Another term of interest is absolute power. Absolute power refers to the negotiation power one country has over the other. In the simulation R odamia was the country with absolute power that could negotiate the terms of any bilateral of multilateral trade agreement. In the global economy the nation that has benefited from absolute power the most in terms of international relations is the United States of America. Two factors that give the US influence over other nations are its military and economic power. In the real world currency is a very important element of international trade. The system that facilitates international trade is currency exchange. The value of the domestic currencies of the over 200 countries around the world change in value on a daily basis. The US dollar for example may appreciate or depreciate with relation to another currency which